The output files are later processed by offline software to reconstruct events and produce data files useful to the analyst. Reconstruction ofthe trachea. We do not have permission to make the data available. Carpetbaggers, or recent arrivals from the North, were former Union soldiers, teachers, Freedmens Bureau agents, and businessmen. Was the Reconstruction era a success or a failure? Booij J, Tissingh G, Boer GJ, Speelman JD, Stoof JC, Janssen AG, et al. The OSEM + RM and SPECTRE reconstructions using STIR software were executed on a high-performance computer platform (ARTEMIS, University of Sydney, Australia). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Thomas MDR, Bailey DL, Livieratos L. A dual modality approach to quantitative quality control in emission tomography. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-016-3309-5. The CCP SyneRBI is funded by the EPSRC (Grant EP/T026693/1). Neither status offered much hope for economic mobility. The results of the RMSE analysis for the PET and SPECT series were normalised (i.e. The perfect ground truth 177Lu IEC image was generated using an IDL program developed in-house, where each compartment of the phantom was assigned an apparent radioactivity concentration determined by the sampled aliquot measurements decay-corrected to the scan time, resulting in a sphere concentration of 2784 kBq/ml, and a background concentration of 317 kBq/ml. 2018;8:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13550-018-0367-7. Bursts are further organized into runs, which are merely blocks of data that fit conveniently on the DAQ tapes, about 560 Mbytes of information. In the fall 1866 congressional elections, Northern voters overwhelmingly repudiated Johnsons policies. Line profiles through the centre of each sphere for each SPECT reconstruction method, qSPECT(4it8s), OSEM + RM(40it12s) and SPECTRE(40it12s), compared to ground truth. The company was the first to develop SPECT reconstruction software and dual-head whole-body scanning. The qSPECT 67Cu SUVmean in each lesion is, on average, half that of the 64Cu PET SUVmean estimate. Intercomparison of MR-informed PET image reconstruction methods. Using the ground truth (GT) images, a squared error (SE) image between this ground truth image and the reconstructed image was generated. . Hybrid PET-MR list-mode kernelized expectation maximization reconstruction. But the economic program spawned corruption and rising taxes, alienating increasing numbers of white voters. The Civil Rights Act became the first significant legislation in American history to become law over a presidents veto. Frey EC, Humm JL, Ljungberg M. Accuracy and precision of radioactivity quantification in nuclear medicine images. Ready for SPECT-MR, SPECT-CT, SPECT Reconstruction and SPECT Quantification. State-of-the-art product line for cardiology, including third-party software with Invia Corridor4DM and Cedars-Sinai Cardiac Suite. doi:10.2967/jnumed.112.105379. The CT-derived attenuation correction factor maps (-maps) for both the qSPECT reconstruction and the STIR reconstructions were generated using software developed in-house (IDL, Harris Geospatial, Boulder, CO, USA) [29]. The 68Ga IEC phantom study, with an 8.5:1 sphere-to-background ratio, was acquired on a time-of-flight PET/CT (Biograph mCT/64, Siemens, Hoffman Estates, IL, USA) and was scanned for 300 s per bed for two bed positions. 15 of January 1865, which set aside a large swath of land along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia for the exclusive settlement of Black families, and by the Freedmens Bureau Act of March, which authorized the bureau to rent or sell land in its possession to former slaves. Google Scholar. Sydney Vital Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, Australia, Institute of Medical Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK, Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Brisbane, Australia, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia, K. P. Willowson,E. Eslick&D. L. Bailey, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, UK, You can also search for this author in Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan, You can also search for this author in Then it enacted a series of Enforcement Acts authorizing national action to suppress political violence. Both examples use a PET scan as the guiding modality for the SPECT reconstruction of the therapeutic radionuclide. DD, KT and AG were all fundamental in the installation and assistance with the use of the STIR software. But President Johnson in the summer of 1865 ordered land in federal hands to be returned to its former owners. The phantom was scanned for a total of 30 min, where 120 projections were acquired over 360 (3 sampling) using continuous rotation mode, resulting in a 30 s acquisition time per projection. Corrections? By 1870 all the former Confederate states had been readmitted to the Union, and nearly all were controlled by the Republican Party. The fraction of SBR variability explained by age was highest (1) with QSPECT, independently of the reference region, and (2) with whole brain as the reference, independently of the reconstruction algorithm. It took six more separate discoveries to uncover the rest of the statue as it is displayed today. This algorithm, known as the hybrid kernelised expectation maximisation (HKEM) algorithm [21], is a generalisation of the KEM algorithm and uses both the guiding image (anatomical or functional) and the emission data, to iteratively reconstruct the PET or SPECT image. Robustness to accurate registration and sensitivity to the differences in the PET and SPECT pharmacokinetics need to be considered. 2013;54:71422. https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.13812. The offline software consists of the HDC, the HRC, the Slow Production software, and the DST Writer. This study tested a dedicated reconstruction algorithm for its ability to reduce camera-specific intersubject variability in [123I]FP-CIT SPECT. Tossici-Bolt L, Hoffmann SM, Kemp PM, Mehta RL, Fleming JS. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/50/15/n03. 2018;2:23543. Guided image reconstruction imposes penalties on the reconstruction solution based on information coming from the prior image, so that the result is smooth in regions where uniformity is expected, and sharp across anatomical boundaries; thereby controlling noise and minimising the onset of ringing artefacts, while also correcting for PVEs [10,11,12]. 2.7 in the mean radioactivity concentration in small lesions when compared to the standard qSPECT reconstruction. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Envisioning the needs of larger networks, the company rolled out its online database platform, GOLD a solution for connectivity, integration, workflows and data administration with high capacity storage. LINK and HERMES reconstruction were used for head-to-head comparison. Google Scholar. Congress decided to begin Reconstruction anew. However, many of the protocols that are being used to treat patients with various malignancies are not optimised or tailored to the individualso-called personalised medicine. Nuclear medicine functional imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are used extensively for the diagnosis of disease, planning/staging of therapy, radionuclide therapy (RNT) dosimetry calculations and monitoring of response to treatment. Lacking land, most former slaves had little economic alternative other than resuming work on plantations owned by whites. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. At the national level, new laws and constitutional amendments permanently altered the federal system and the definition of American citizenship. Objective: The aim of this work is to validate a software package called Hermes Internal Radiation Dosimetry (HIRD) for internal dose assessment tailored for clinical practice. 1995;22:4019. doi:10.2967/jnumed.106.037432. Global scaling for semi-quantitative analysis in FP-CIT SPECT. The kernels are defined such that they map the similarity between the local voxel index, f, and the supporting voxel index, j, allowing arbitrary associations to support the reconstructed image (i.e. Three-dimensional brain phantom containing bone and grey matter structures with a realistic head contour. Further investigation and optimisation of the algorithm parameters is needed and should be investigated for a number of theranostic oncological applications that use radionuclides for therapy. Mitigation of PVEs in order to obtain accurate lesion and normal organ dosimetry is a much-needed step towards personalised RNT, where individualised doses, patient-specific treatment planning, and investigation into radiobiological effects and response to treatment are all directly linked to our ability to make accurate image-based dosimetry measurements. HRC also processes information from the particle identification detectors and associates the hits recorded by these detectors with each of the tracks it has found. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. In contrast, the OSEM + RM reconstruction had a significantly higher COV%, indicative of a higher level of noise. to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without The OSEM + RM 40 iterations with 12 subsets (40it12s) reconstruction is labelled as OSEM+RM and is the study used in all subsequent analyses. Whole brain excluding striatal binding as the reference provides more stable quantitative estimates than occipital or cerebellar binding. Hermes and the Infant Dionysus, also known as the Hermes of Praxiteles or the Hermes of Olympia is an ancient Greek sculpture of Hermes and the infant Dionysus discovered in 1877 in the ruins of the Temple of Hera, Olympia, in Greece. Wolters Kluwer Health 1991;38:176672. The ground truth image was successively blurred using a 3D Gaussian function with FWHM increments of 0.1 mm, and a difference image between the blurred ground truth image and the SPECT and PET reconstructed images was generated. Generally, the guiding modality used in these techniques is a structural modality, often MRI or CT. (Note a second, horizontal, strut here). The VOIs that were generated resulted in spherical volumes as close as possible to the known volume of each of the six IEC phantom spheres. From the beginning of Reconstruction, Black conventions and newspapers throughout the South had called for the extension of full civil and political rights to African Americans. Two energy windows were acquired: 67Cu photopeak (163199 keV) and a lower energy scatter window (143162 keV). The simulation study showed that HIRD can reproduce timeactivity curves accurately and produce absorbed doses with less than 10% error for the kidneys, liver and spleen. The optimised OSEM reconstruction (5 iterations, 15 subsets with full MC collimator modelling) increased the CR by 42% (p < 0.001) compared to the default OSEM protocol (2 iterations, 10 subsets). Once a full particle trajectory is determined by HRC, the particles momentum can be determined. 2019;3:4009. He also outlined how new state governments would be created. Ardekani BABM, Hutton BF. HLMC is a combination of the DIS event generator Lepto [8] (based on JETSET 7.4 and PYTHIA 5.7 [9]), the detector simulation program (based on GEANT [10]), and the HERMES reconstruction program [7]. The HERMES experiment is a large forward angle spectrometer located at the HERA accelerator ring at DESY, Hamburg. The same VOIs as those used to determine RCmean and RCmax were propagated to the SE image and the unsigned RMSE was calculated. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. doi:10.1007/s00259-011-1801-5. dose/response relationships. Ralph Buchert. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. We also examined the global spatial resolution of each reconstructed image using a method previously described [30, 31]. Nobili F, Naseri M, De Carli F, Asenbaum S, Booij J, Darcourt J, et al. Data is temporarily unavailable. Nucl Med Commun. The result is improved quality and outcomes for healthcare providers and their patients worldwide. The national debate over Reconstruction began during the Civil War. 1999;9:10816. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 43, 13231336 (2016). Theranostics is a very promising personalized approach to treating cancer, using diagnostic imaging to identify if target receptors are present on cancer cells, followed by precision internal radiation treatment that targets these receptors. Abbreviations: Llesion; Pparotids. Our true success lies in our close and longstanding cooperation with our clients to meet their software, support and service needs. STIR: software for tomographic image reconstruction release 2. Rhys Carpenter, "Two Postscripts to the Hermes Controversy", " Praxitle aujourd'hui? Kupitz D, Apostolova I, Lange C, Ulrich G, Amthauer H, Brenner W, et al. J Nucl Med. Phys Med Biol. PubMed Central Then, HIRD is validated using simulated SPECT/CT data and data from 177Lu-DOTATATE-treated patients by comparing absorbed kidney doses with OLINDA/EXM-based dosimetry. Noted by Alfred Emerson, "Letter from Olympia", Dossier: Praxitle, un matre de la sculpture antique, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermes_and_the_Infant_Dionysus&oldid=1137343677. SPECT-derived dose estimates in tissues of diameter less than 3 system resolution are subject to significant losses due to the limited spatial resolution of the gamma camera. Correspondence to A recent development involves the use of a hybrid kernel, incorporating high-resolution anatomical data from MRI or CT and the emission (PET or SPECT update image) to reconstruct PET or SPECT emission data. No post-reconstruction filter was applied to the OSEM + RM and SPECTRE reconstructions. Gisela M. A. Richter, "The Hermes of Praxiteles", This page was last edited on 4 February 2023, at 03:28. doi:10.1007/s00259-009-1267-x. J Nucl Med. J Nucl Med. It was put into operation in parts of the Union-occupied Confederacy, but none of the new governments achieved broad local support. 4it8s, 40it12s and 40it12s, respectively. PET image reconstruction using anatomical information through mutual information based priors. By using this website, you agree to our J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Ogawa K, Harata Y, Ichihara T, Kubo A, Hashimoto S. A practical method for position-dependent Compton-scatter correction in single photon emission CT. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. Are you sure you want to delete your template? Article A transmission-dependent method for scatter correction in SPECT. Clinical and Translational Imaging. HRC converts the particles bending in the magnet into a charge and momentum by consulting a lookup table of all possible trajectories. Three groups made up Southern Republicanism. Blacks hopes that the federal government would provide them with land had been raised by Gen. William T. Shermans Field Order No. PubMed EJNMMI Phys 8, 16 (2021). 2006;33:4095103. Serving an expanded citizenry, Reconstruction governments established the Souths first state-funded public school systems, sought to strengthen the bargaining power of plantation labourers, made taxation more equitable, and outlawed racial discrimination in public transportation and accommodations. Abraham Lincoln announced the first comprehensive program for Reconstruction, the Ten Percent Plan. Med Phys. PubMed 5.8 mm FWHM [3]. CAS R.B. The SPECTRE parameters used in the clinical example were p = 1, s = 1, dp = 5 mm, ds = 5 mm, NN = 3. The OSEM + RM (40it, 12s) reconstruction of the SPECT data was used to co-register the 68Ga PET image to the SPECT frame of reference using a 6 degrees-of-freedom rigid body registration tool (MultiModality, Hermes Medical, Sweden). In vivo data were acquired in the centrum semiovale of 12 normal subjects. Get to know us a little bit better by reading our CEO's vision he prepared for an interview with ePAtient, a Magazine dedicated to raising awareness around Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. Google Scholar. You can read the full text of this article if you: Keywords The University of Kansas is a public institution governed by the Kansas Board of Regents. Experience in 100 consecutive cases. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/53/12/002. Retaliation is also prohibited by university policy. During a brief period in the Reconstruction era, African Americans voted in large numbers and held public office at almost every level, including in both houses of Congress. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Thus began the period of Radical or Congressional Reconstruction, which lasted until the end of the last Southern Republican governments in 1877. Following Lincolns assassination in April 1865, Andrew Johnson became president and inaugurated the period of Presidential Reconstruction (186567). Koch W, Radau PE, Hamann C, Tatsch K. Clinical testing of an optimized software solution for an automated, observer-independent evaluation of dopamine transporter SPECT studies. 2013;54:13318. The dream of 40 acres and a mule was stillborn. In: Uemura K, Lassen NA, Jones T, Kanno I, editors. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in One hundred twenty projections were acquired over 360 (3 sampling) using continuous rotation mode. Baete K, Nuyts J, Paesschen WV, Suetens P, Dupont P. Anatomical-based FDG-PET reconstruction for the detection of hypo-metabolic regions in epilepsy. Hudson HM, Larkin RS. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. For this VOI, the SPECTRE reconstruction had similar noise properties to the qSPECT reconstruction, which was very blurred and hence relatively low in noise level. Quantitative SPECT reconstructions used for direct comparisons were the same as those investigated in the IEC phantom study, namely, a conventional OSEM reconstruction with CT-based attenuation and scatter correction (qSPECT) with no post-reconstruction filtering or RM, the STIR-equivalent OSEM implementation with RM (OSEM + RM) and the SPECTRE reconstruction using the HKEM algorithm with RM, with CT-based attenuation correction and window-based scatter correction. The estimated global spatial resolution from the MSSD analysis of the 68Ga PET IEC acquisition was 7.5 mm FWHM, which is consistent with our previous report of the intrinsic spatial resolution of 68Ga PET imaging: intrinsic reconstructed resolution of 5.8 mm FWHM with a post-reconstruction Gaussian filter of 5 mm FWHM results in a resolution of approx. It uses a tree-search algorithm to iteratively match tracking-detector responses to stored patterns of responses corresponding to physically possible tracks. Improved quantitation for PET/CT image reconstruction with system modeling and anatomical priors. Djang DS, Janssen MJ, Bohnen N, Booij J, Henderson TA, Herholz K, et al. This can be attributed to Gibbs artefacts often leading to overestimation of the true concentration with the peaks merging together and resulting in even greater overestimates [11]. Lets make it yours. When Congress assembled in December 1865, Radical Republicans such as Rep. Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania and Sen. Charles Sumner from Massachusetts called for the establishment of new Southern governments based on equality before the law and universal male suffrage. All authors made substantial contributions to the conception of the study, analysis of the data, and/or interpretation of the results. 2004;49:N22734. 2007;6:30513. Tracks are matched if their projected positions are separated by less than 1.0 cm at the center of the magnet. Reconstruction, in U.S. history, the period (186577) that followed the American Civil War and during which attempts were made to redress the inequities of slavery and its political, social, and economic legacy and to solve the problems arising from the readmission to the Union of the 11 states that had seceded at or before the outbreak of war. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. Figure 1 shows transverse slices of the PET and SPECT IEC phantom images with the same windowing applied to each reconstruction. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Reconstruction provided the opportunity for African Americans to solidify their family ties and to create independent religious institutions, which became centres of community life that survived long after Reconstruction ended. The recovery coefficients RCmean and RCmax versus sphere diameter for the 68Ga PET and 177Lu SPECT reconstructions are shown in Fig. OBrien JT, Colloby S, Fenwick J, Williams ED, Firbank M, Burn D, et al. The IEC phantom was scanned on a dual-head SPECT/CT system (Intevo.6, Siemens Healthineers, Hoffman Estates, IL, USA) with medium-energy-low-penetration (MELP) collimators and an acquisition matrix size of 256 256. HERMES reconstruction resulted in the highest SBR values. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.2358198. 2017;376:12535. 2015;34:6171. Sarnelli A, Mezzenga E, Vagheggini A, Piccinini F, Feliciani G, Belli ML, et al. However, an ancient base survives, made of a grey limestone block between two blocks of marble. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The corresponding SUVmean and SUVmax for each VOI are shown in Table 2. The HKEM algorithm used in the SPECTRE reconstructions is implemented in the STIR (Software for Tomographic Image Reconstruction) software packageFootnote 2 [24] and is open source. 2011;22:1879903. Marquis, H., Deidda, D., Gillman, A. et al. Our investigations into use of the HKEM algorithm for theranostic PET-guided SPECT image reconstruction have identified a number of issues that need to be considered and investigated further. The most common story claims that the tablet was found in a caved tomb under the statue of Hermes in Tyana, clutched in the hands of the corpse . Having previously taken my luxury bag to numerous . The SPECT data were reconstructed using in-house quantitative SPECT (qSPECT) software using the standard ordered-subset expectation-maximisation (OSEM) algorithm with 4 iterations (it) and 8 subsets (s) using CT-based attenuation and transmission-dependent scatter correction without RM [25, 26]. Theranostic SPECT reconstruction for improved resolution: application to radionuclide therapy dosimetry. Soon afterward, Congress approved the Fifteenth Amendment, prohibiting states from restricting the right to vote because of race. Quantitative images with voxel units of kBq/ml were generated for each of the SPECT reconstructions and were co-registered to the matched time-point PET image. A root mean square error (RMSE) analysis was also performed on the spheres in the PET and SPECT reconstructed images. In many theranostics applications, radiopharmaceutical pairs are used to first perform a diagnostic PET scan for planning, followed by administration of the therapeutic equivalent, where dose monitoring is performed on the SPECT camera. 2010;37:44350. This is designed for contractors to estimate new construction, but it could give you a "down and dirty" estimate for insurance purposes, said Denis DeSaix, an appraiser with Metrocal Appraisal . Point/counterpoint. PubMed The Corpus Hermeticum (CH) must represent one of the most complex textual phenomena of the Roman period, and as a collection of pseudonymous works, the reconstruction of its context of production, circulation and use poses considerable problems for historians of religion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Hellenismos is the term used to describe the modern equivalent of the traditional Greek religion. In Fig. This can result in the suppression of tracer uptake in small structures, such as small lesions or metastatic disease, by over-smoothing if the tracer uptake does not correspond to anatomical boundaries or the information present in the guiding modality [7, 17, 18]. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. 1991;10:40812. World of Antiquity is a channel dedicated to education about ancient civilizations, cultures, and peoples.CHANNEL HISTORY1 Jul 2019: first video uploaded.28 . Iran J Nucl Med. PubMedGoogle Scholar. QSPECT reconstruction appears to be useful for reduction of camera-specific intersubject variability of [123I]FP-CIT SPECT in multisite and single-site multicamera settings. Incorporating resolution modelling (RM) into the SPECT reconstruction has been proposed as a possible solution; however, the images produced are prone to noise amplification and Gibbs artefacts. https://doi.org/10.1109/42.97591. https://doi.org/10.1109/42.363108. The PVE is best illustrated in lesion 4 on the qSPECT reconstructed image; under identical windowing the uptake seen in the VOI is very faint compared to the other reconstructions. Ajootian, A. https://doi.org/10.1021/bc200151q. You have already flagged this document.Thank you, for helping us keep this platform clean.The editors will have a look at it as soon as possible. At Colfax, Louisiana, in 1873, scores of Black militiamen were killed after surrendering to armed whites intent on seizing control of local government. Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. Next to this, the same transverse slices for all reconstructions are displayed showing lesions 1, 3 and 4 in a single section through the skull. 1996;41:248196. The University of Kansas prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, religion, sex, national origin, age, ancestry, disability, status as a veteran, sexual orientation, marital status, parental status, gender identity, gender expression, and genetic information in the university's programs and activities. Aliquots were taken from the spheres and background compartment and were compared to a standard in an auto-gamma counter (2480 Wizard2, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) so that the radioactivity concentration at scan time in each compartment could be accurately determined. Grant was reelected in 1872 in the most peaceful election of the period. The documentary evidence associating the work with Praxiteles is based on a passing mention by the 2nd century AD traveller Pausanias. Figure 2b shows that the OSEM + RM (40 iterations) reconstruction overestimates the expected radioactivity concentration in the three largest spheres. The authors would like to thank the Computational Collaborative Project in Synergistic PET-MR Reconstruction (CCP SyneRBI) (www.ccpsynerbi.ac.uk) for enabling a visit to the Institute of Nuclear Medicine (INM) at University College London (UCL). Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Article Sensitivity and specificity of dopamine transporter imaging with 123I-FP-CIT SPECT in dementia with Lewy bodies: a phase III, multicentre study. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries. SPECT image reconstruction using PET as the guiding information has not previously been reported to the best of our knowledge. The profile through the largest sphere shows a dip in the centre, with high activity at the edges (ringing), and the profile through the second largest sphere shows a large overshoot of the expected concentration, indicative of Gibbs-type artefacts merging together. With a capacity of nearly 90,000 acre-feet, enough water to supply almost a million people for a year, the reservoir is a critical part of the region's water supply . Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. Gauge pressures and voltage settings are two examples. Resolution modelling incorporating anatomical priors has been shown to improve quantification accuracy in small lesions [13].