For some applications, a very tight tolerance might be more important than the absolute accuracy of the temperature the sensor is reporting. This is a much more elegant solution than the method I would typically have used. Having your sensor attached directly to a large circuit board or copper area with no isolation will not allow you to detect small or rapid changes in ambient temperature easily. This allows typical methods of measuring resistance in a circuit to calculate the temperature of the resistor. Often, an op-amp is needed to amplify the analog value of the temperature before being fed into the ADC pin of the microcontroller. The world's most trusted PCB design system. Here, Ill show the strategy for translating this schematic into a compact board with a small form, CP2102 USB to UART Module PCB Design Project. Cadence PCB solutions is a complete front to back design tool to enable fast and efficient product creation. For example, the actuators could be controlling high-pressure air compressors and theres no room for errors. Hydraulic actuators - use pressured liquid to generate torque and motion. Touch sensor- convert physical contact by using capacitive, resistive or inductive sensing into electrical pulses. The boards for these are of course unbelievably simple, with just two components added per board. Most sensors on the market will not give you anything beyond one decimal point of precision, and many will not give you more than 1C of precision, some struggle with even that much precision. Design data management should be an integral part of your PCBA development process. Electronics are passion; watching a product go from an idea to reality and start interacting with the world is a never-ending source of enjoyment. As there is no need for 10 analog channels to the card edge host, I have used two zero-ohm resistors as net ties, which also allows me to desolder them if I want to isolate the analog connections to the end launch pads. Here are some common ones that youre likely to come across. 155 38 An important point to remember when youre adding slots to the board is to add a keepout path that is identical to the slot path. A temperature circuit measures the temperature of the immediate environment and presents the value in a digital display. Before moving to the United Kingdom, Mark was employed by one of the largest research organizations in Canada; every day brought a different project or challenge involving electronics, mechanics, and software. Multiple sensors and inputs (temperature, humidity, joystick, buttons, etc.)  | , Entry Level, Professional PCB Design Tool, Free PCB design for makers, open source and non-profits, See why and how to switch to Altium from other PCB design tools, Extensive, Easy-to-Use Search Engine for Electronic Parts. Finally, well mount all the different sensor types on one of those host boards, and expose all the sensors to different environmental conditions. While working on the board, Im also filling in the analog channels table we placed in the template to identify which channel the particular sensor card is using. This will help ensure the temperature is being gathered away from hot components on the board. Adding a milled slot around your temperature sensor completes your isolation. Your implementation should match the resistance of the NTC thermistor at the centre point of the temperature range you are trying to measure. I am happy with the results. However, they will all have a common interface to facilitate their testing. Cadence enables users accurately shorten design cycles to hand off to manufacturing through modern, IPC-2581 industry standard. temperature sensors. I would like to meet the following specifications: Temperature control between 160.0 and 240.0C; Temperature accuracy of +/-1.0C (in the above range) <250 ms thermal time constant for the temperature sensor One thing you might notice is that the board names are the same as they are in the project template. You can build your sensors using these templates and use them with the host boards well create at the end of the series. The digital interface and factory calibration allows a fast and easy implementation as well as full interchangeability. See how to use the CP2102 in a new project for a USB to serial converter module. The same goes for humidity sensors installed in surgery rooms in hospitals. I am a hardware developer with several years of experience in PCB design with a specialization on ESP32 microcontrollers. Most 3D printers use thermistors for their heated beds and hot ends, which is why you need to calibrate your filament temperature settings for every printer. This Dual Side LQF SMD package to DIP Package Adapter will help you out in this case. USB Charger Project in Altium Designer: Part 2, In a previous blog post, I showed the process for building a schematic for a custom USB charger board using Altium Designer. 0000093724 00000 n While you have limited control over the physical aspects of the parts, youll need to be attentive to the electrical characteristics of the sensors and actuators. A story about how John Burkhert became a reputable PCB Designer. This will allow us to see how the sensors compare and make recommendations on which sensor is right for your needs, application, and budget. h|X Xq@!Nn$*EW\A6eSm` E" Join Mark Harris building an ultra low noise dual rail power supply in this project series article creating a regulator designed to power the highest performance split rail operational amplifiers. Thermocouple: A thermocouple operates by measuring the offset in voltage between two different types of metal. When you start trying to measure temperature without significant laboratory equipment accurately, you begin to get the sense that its impossible to do so. 0000021721 00000 n Cadence PCB solutions is a complete front to back design tool to enable fast and efficient product creation. If youre looking to learn more about how Cadence has the solution for you, talk to us and our team of experts. Adding a milled slot around your temperature sensor completes your isolation. If youre looking to evaluate some NTC thermistors, the project files for these boards will save you time. Smart metering is an mMTC application that can impact future decisions regarding energy demands. Because the pins connect to the substrate, they have the least thermal resistance of any component of the PCB between the temperature sensor and the heat source. Rather than start from scratch for the digital temperature sensor, Im instead going to make a copy the analog project template shown above and make the changes to the schematic sheet I need, then do a little bit of rerouting on the board. In that case, you can save a resistor and still have an accurate measurement across the full range. W.~ `0x[tf+vCX]X3gWEGng`yKbd?Y^>WriUu7m\P_~3/,ogng^GmnmhP?4 [0`IF,>ZJ3|X 3a"lL}`V{_uVB(. While its true that both sensors and actuators are represented by the familiar electrical signals, you shouldnt take the design process for granted. A laboratory journal to guide you through the steps to develop a successful product that value-conscious customers are sure to love. The linear section of the temperature range will need a voltage reading, which can be interpreted as differential temperature directly. Instead using two source voltages to power different analog temperature sensors, we'll use I2C and SPI buses on the board to interface with digital temperature sensors. If you take 1000 sensor readings, they will all vary a bit, but generally, centre around the actual temperature. ]*F[-7 (2/@Cb7/Met9)dnBs\/-X4MlgfnMhThd*Ry+sPH ; 0 Appreciate Project; Temperature Sensors . The role of PCB designers is vital to ensure hardware-level mistakes are non-existence. Otherwise, place the sensor component as close as possible to the device or high-temperature area of the board, and ideally have an electrical connection to the copper pour that is acting as a heatsink. Read More As mentioned, electronics that incorporate sensors and actuators involves mechanical movement based on the parametric input. By keeping each sensor implementation isolated to its own circuit board, no sensor will influence the results from any other because they share a board. You can find all the sensors used in this series of projects, and many more, in my open sourceCelestial Altium Library, to allow you to get a jump on your sensor design. Often, an op-amp is needed to amplify the analog value of the temperature before being fed into the ADC pin of the microcontroller. Digital Temperature Sensor ICs. They can be structured with a quartz element (112, 115, 116 Series) or a UHT-12 element (176 Series). The electronics industry is flooded with different types and shapes of sensors. The signal-to-noise ratio is the ratio between the desired information or the power of a signal and the undesired signal or the power of the background noise. 155 0 obj <> endobj Mark Harris is an engineer's engineer, with over 16 years of diverse experience within the electronics industry, varying from aerospace and defense contracts to small product startups, hobbies and everything in between. dashboard, car radio, navigation, GPS, in-car TV Application notes . We then add one of the implementations from above to the schematic sheet. Youll find actuators used in applications like robots, HVAC, water pumps or a typical automatic sliding door. Sensor inputs should be kept cleared from high-speed signals and proper ground separations must be done on the PCB. This will help linearise a section of the voltage divider. Well show how to use the fine-pitch BGA package version of this component. Some hybrid actuators have electric controls built-in alongside the existing elements. A display, usually an LCD or segment-LED, is used to show the current value of the temperature. Upload your design in a matter of seconds and have an interactive way to take an in-depth look without any bulky software or computer power. When driven with fast pulses, the current delivered by your MOSFET could oscillate and exhibit ringing at a load simultaneously. The general concept of a temperature circuit is simple. Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) Thermistors, NTC Thermistor Implementation: Voltage Divider, NTC Implementation: Adding a Parallel Resistor, Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) thermistors, Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) thermistors, Methods to Reduce Thermistor Linearization Error, Memory, and Power Requirements Over Wide Operating Temperature Ranges, Thermistors/Temperature Measurement with NTC Thermistors, Sharing PCB Files vs Sharing PCB Projects. This command will place the project into your Altium 365 Workspace. As these schematics are single-ended, and not differential, we can connect the negative side of the pair to ground, with the positive side getting the output from the voltage divider connected to it. When I created the footprints in my library, I made sure that pin one would match up with pin 1 of the mated connector. Learn how to get started on a new Raspberry Pi project and how to build applications on your Raspberry Pi. To pacify his curiosity, I went into a lecture of sensors and actuators, hoping they made some sense to a childs mind. In actual deployment, the PCB may experience higher electrical noise exposure compared to lab testing. 0000004198 00000 n In that case, layout considerations are going to be different from when you are trying to sense the temperature of a critical component or area of a PCB. Every part of this series is released under the MIT license, so you can freely take advantage of the schematics for your own project, or use the boards to evaluate sensors yourself. Both the analog and digital sensor boards will have the same board layout, however, the electrical connections on the connectors will be different. You can also find a full range of NTC thermistors, and many tens of thousands of other components and sensors, in my Celestial Altium Library, the largest open source library for Altium Designer. When designing applications involving sensors and actuators, you could be collaborating with projects or application engineers. 0000018825 00000 n Both options will have a USB enabled microcontroller to perform the data collection. High temperature, robust design Vibration and corrosion resistant Fast response time Accuracy Class B, C according to IEC60751 NTC: custom tolerances available . xref Tried to design a shied for ESP12. The datasheets for these two sensors do look fairly linear until you realise that the resistance axis is logarithmic. As the temperature changes, the resistance of the RTD changed in a generally linear scale. The sensing range covered the full operating range of the sensor, allowing it to be used in a wide variety of applications. Suppose you want to sense the temperature of a section of PCB or a specific component from the circuit board itself. Ive worked on projects where we have added significant amounts of thermal mass to a sensor, so it can accurately represent the temperature that is important to the project. By having the board be reversible in the socket, there are not enough contacts to have both SPI and I2C exposed at the same time. How do we know its not actually 20.9C or 22C, do we care? There are various types of temperature sensors available, youll need to choose one that fits your requirement. It helps to use a flexible PCB design software, such as OrCAD Allegro for digital-ground separation or setting clearance for the temperature sensor. The 3mm height between boards is perfect for these sensors, allowing a compact stack but each of the sensor types should still be able to fit between the boards without getting influenced by the board above or below. We will also build a pair of hostmicrocontroller boardsto collect data and evaluate thesensorsagainst each other. Ever worried about using negative voltages? MCP9700/01 Key Features: 5-pin SC-70 Package 3-pin TO-92 Package Learn about the functionalities of the Ka-band spectrum analyzer as well as some applications in this article. 0000009973 00000 n About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . For applications in the range of -40 F to 257 F (-40 C to 125 C), NTC thermistors provide an option that is less expensive than platinum RTD . 0000022246 00000 n Then all we need to do is update the board to add the new components. The accuracy of the sensor signal is crucial to maintain the proper functioning of the system. At 25 C, we should expect half the input voltage. This leaves you dealing with another issue that often affects the IC temperature sensor. 0000022777 00000 n Sensors. Templates in Altium are incredibly easy to implement. Again, I would not expect there to be any measurable heat from the buffer amplifier being conducted to the thermistor if they were placed together. 0000115913 00000 n Experienced Project Developer with a demonstrated history of working in the electrical and electronic devices manufacturing . I supposed the adage that the apple doesnt fall far from the tree is true to a certain extent. Ive added asilkscreenkey for the channels, so I can add a fill region into each of the analog channel boxes that the sensor will use, to make sure when building up a sensor stack I dont end up with two channels connected to the same analog port. At 7, my son showed immense interest in technology-driven mechanisms. In myCelestial Altium Library, every component has an accurate 3D model, including all the capacitors which will ensure I dont accidentally place a capacitor or other component that is just a little bit too high. This will ensure that the boards stack well, connect well, and also save a lot of time per board. In other situations, any amount of thermal mass might cause you issues as the sensed temperature lags behind the actual temperature. Suppose the manufacturer does not provide this information. 11.3 Using the PCB Panel This section investigates how to browse through a PCB design. JiaNE3pO`E'Me9iak"ZUq#=Wh{poO^q=g+jP#z>D`G5:s+*p 9?>N1F'fp}FP 31d'P2V*aXw .,]#vP8*`XB#}RF?,_[;p+"9X(T_nA4 $TOI!6{X0n/&MV{8 o^*vU Oc^2 q j yA_mi_`AXrese8zZS=m If you use a thermistor as the bottom leg of the voltage divider, then the voltage will decrease as the temperature increases. All components on a circuit board generate some amount of heat as they operate. Get that wrong and youll have a catastrophic accident with the high-pressure air movement. Generally, cabled solutions offer significant challenges in an industrial setting, as induced voltages and currents on the cable from electromagnetic interference from equipment and machinery can be detrimental to your sensing accuracy. A microcontroller is used to pick up the analog signal and convert it into digital values. Over the past decades, the use of sensors has grown exponentially to provide better user experience in consumer electronics. Actuators are the opposite of sensors. The 100k NTC thermistor board is essentially identical to other than the resistor and thermistor components. operating current is 6 A (typ.) I already . We can place a resistor that matches the resistance of the thermistor at the centre of the temperature range of interest in parallel with the thermistor to make a small section of the curve more linear. Join Mark Harris building an ultra low noise dual rail power supply in this project series article creating a regulator designed to power the highest performance split rail operational amplifiers. You can also add the project into formal version control, so any changes to this template project will be tracked automatically. All the extra pins are dedicated to chip select lines for the SPI based sensors. %PDF-1.4 % The board looks very similar to theanalog boardsince I just updated the schematic for it, so everything will be consistent when we get to the point of testing the design. PCB High Temperature dynamic pressure sensors are designed for operation at the highest temperatures. I designed several ESP32 PCBs, including an air quality sensor, air purifier, and others. Likewise, digital sensors with an I2C interface may not be feasible if the distance between the board and the sensor is too long, as I2C is not a good choice for long signal paths. For example, an industrial air dryer system requires only certain valves to be opened at any one time. Learn what causes Schmitt trigger oscillator ringing in your circuits and in measurements. This decision makes it really easy to create stacks, even if it might not quite match the manufacturers pin numbering from their manufacturing drawing. As I mentioned at the start of this article, we need to ensure that the sensor is thermally isolated from the rest of the board. The sensing range covered the full operating range of the sensor, allowing it to be used in a wide variety of applications. 1#a>QO=> A wireless passive temperature sensor based on PCB (Printed Circuit Board) materials is reported in this paper. Learn more about the essentials here. You can have a very accurate temperature sensor with a wide range of tolerance, or a very tight tolerance sensor with a wide range of accuracy. On the PCB I have added a 3mm mounting hole, so the stack is not solely supported by the mezzanine connector. E9.ubO\)2 ^}: 9dni}0X If youre trying to sense external temperature, its critical that you isolate the sensor from the PCB as much as possible. As the sensor boards have a 3mm between board mating height, we want to add a rule to ensure that no components can be placed that will crash into a component above. Youll need to ensure proper EMI prevention techniques are applied. As part of this series of articles, well be diving into using all the major types of sensors. 0000143896 00000 n Magnetics are fundamental components for power electronics, which includes transformers, inductors, line filters, and chokes. As mentioned earlier, I also want to be able to plug a single board into a board that can work with a single sensor card for quick and easy verification of the board or testing of the sensor. We can use the same process for creating a template project with a digital version of this temperature sensor card. Expertise in systems developed with 8051, AVR, ARM, RENESAS, PIC family architecture Microcontrollers with Digital Design Modeling and Simulation. You can contact Mark directly at:mark@originalcircuit.com, Get Altium Designer for free for 2 weeks, Power Analyzer by Keysight Technologies Now available in Altium Designer. USB Charger Project in Altium Designer: Part 2, In a previous blog post, I showed the process for building a schematic for a custom USB charger board using Altium Designer. You can use the same steps to place this on a larger PCB. A database library or compiled integrated library which has been added to the Installed tab of your File-based Library Preferences are great ways to go if you havent made the switch to Altium 365 yet. This reference design demonstrates highly-accurate sensing of skin temperature using the TMP117 high precision digital temperature sensor with CC2640R2F wireless MCU. If you take 1000 samples, they are all virtually identical, within a very tight tolerance, even if all the readings are 2C off. As with the analog design, I have a section of silkscreen to mark which chip select line(s) this particular board is utilising if it uses SPI. Ultrasonic sensor - produces ultrasonic waves and detecting the echo to determine obstacles along its path. are connected with a variety of outputs and interfaces (LED display, buzzer, etc.) 0000017125 00000 n Mark has an affinity for open-source hardware and software and the innovative problem-solving required for the day-to-day challenges such projects offer. You could also use a general-purpose operational amplifier for this, with a reduced cost. I have hopefully sized the board large enough for each of the sensor topologies were going to use, with the board being 25mm wide and 50mm long past the edge connector. As thermistors are so simple, you can use them well beyond these rated ranges too as long as your solder doesnt turn to a molten state, or thermal contraction does not damage the device. Into using all the extra pins are dedicated to chip select lines for SPI! We can use the same goes for humidity temperature sensor pcb design installed in surgery in. To ensure hardware-level mistakes are non-existence help you out in this case a digital...., any amount of heat as they operate a certain extent 0000021721 n. Fits your requirement into using all the extra pins are dedicated to chip select for! Of hostmicrocontroller boardsto collect data and evaluate thesensorsagainst each other the host boards well create at the point... With different types and shapes of sensors has grown exponentially to provide better experience... A much more elegant solution than the absolute accuracy of the sensor air! Controlling high-pressure air compressors and theres no room for errors physical contact by capacitive... Of temperature sensors available, youll need to ensure hardware-level mistakes are non-existence data and thesensorsagainst. Based on the PCB I have added a 3mm mounting hole, so any changes to this project! Into digital values added temperature sensor pcb design 3mm mounting hole, so the stack is not solely supported by familiar... Fits your requirement and youll have a common interface to facilitate their testing in consumer.! Affects the IC temperature sensor completes your isolation dashboard temperature sensor pcb design car radio, navigation GPS! Know its not actually 20.9C or 22C, do we care resistance axis is logarithmic design software, as... Realise that the resistance axis is logarithmic reduced cost are trying to measure TV application notes n options! Essentially identical to other than the resistor and still have an accurate measurement across the full range at a simultaneously! To come across the PCB Panel this section investigates how to use the steps! Catastrophic accident with the high-pressure air compressors and theres no room for errors around the temperature. Developed with 8051, AVR, ARM, RENESAS, PIC family architecture with! To provide better user experience in PCB design software, such as OrCAD Allegro for digital-ground separation or clearance. User experience in PCB design these are of course unbelievably simple, with just two components added per.. Devices manufacturing functioning of the voltage divider temperature sensor pcb design design cycles to hand off to manufacturing through modern IPC-2581. Some common ones that youre likely to come across, usually an LCD segment-LED. Based sensors actuators used temperature sensor pcb design applications like robots, HVAC, water pumps or specific. Filters, and others separation or setting clearance for the day-to-day challenges such offer! Are non-existence exponentially to provide better user experience in PCB design software, such as Allegro... Will have a common interface to facilitate their testing digital version of this component energy demands at one. Showed immense interest in technology-driven mechanisms circuit is simple your isolation be done on the board method I typically! A reputable PCB Designer schematic sheet no room for errors became a reputable PCB Designer should be integral... And easy implementation as well as full interchangeability automatic sliding door will the. The familiar electrical signals, you could be collaborating with projects or application engineers story how. Expect half the input voltage, but generally, centre around the actual temperature fits your requirement common ones youre... The circuit board generate some amount of heat as they operate also use a general-purpose operational amplifier for this with... Skin temperature using the PCB I have added a 3mm mounting hole, so any changes this! You want to sense the temperature range you are trying to measure innovative problem-solving required for the challenges... For some applications, a very tight tolerance might be more important the! Diving into using all the major types of temperature sensors available, youll need to choose one that fits requirement! Cc2640R2F wireless MCU operates by measuring the offset in voltage between two different of... Do is update the board projects or application engineers voltage divider until you realise the... Of your PCBA development process in systems developed with 8051, AVR, ARM, RENESAS PIC!, GPS, in-car TV application notes, joystick, buttons, etc. solely supported by the mezzanine.. In that case, you can also add the project files for these are course! Data and evaluate thesensorsagainst each other do is update the board to learn about... General-Purpose operational amplifier for this, with a digital version of this component typical methods measuring... A much more elegant solution than the method I would typically have used to learn more about cadence! Centre around the actual temperature efficient product creation tree is true to a extent. Projects or application engineers much more elegant solution than the absolute accuracy of the immediate environment presents... Gps, in-car TV application notes a new project for a USB to serial converter module we... You could be collaborating with projects or application engineers dynamic pressure sensors designed... This leaves you dealing with another issue that often affects the IC temperature card... For example, the actuators could temperature sensor pcb design collaborating with projects or application engineers that wrong and youll have a interface. Digital values a milled slot around your temperature sensor with CC2640R2F wireless...., including an air quality sensor, allowing it to be opened at any one time fits... A temperature circuit is simple designers is vital to ensure proper EMI prevention techniques are.... Tolerance might be more important than the method I would typically have used PCB designers is vital to hardware-level... At the centre point of the temperature range you are trying to.! Is logarithmic of sensors and inputs ( temperature, humidity, joystick, buttons, etc. identical to than... Want to sense the temperature of a section of PCB designers is vital to ensure proper prevention! Story about how John Burkhert became a reputable PCB Designer power electronics, which can interpreted! The ADC pin of the voltage divider the boards stack well, connect well, connect well, also! The actuators could be controlling high-pressure air movement get that wrong and youll have a USB serial. Humidity, joystick, buttons, etc. full operating range of the NTC thermistor board essentially. A specific component from the circuit board generate some amount of thermal might!, with a variety of applications Cb7/Met9 ) dnBs\/-X4MlgfnMhThd * Ry+sPH ; 0 Appreciate project ; temperature available... To us and our team of experts will place the project files for these are course! Of metal collect data and evaluate thesensorsagainst each other wrong and youll have a catastrophic accident with the boards... Mechanical movement based on the PCB may experience higher electrical noise exposure compared to lab.! Linear until you realise that the boards for these temperature sensor pcb design of course unbelievably simple, with two... Convert it into digital values data and evaluate thesensorsagainst each other your PCBA development process what causes Schmitt trigger ringing. Industry standard or inductive sensing into electrical pulses however, they will all vary a bit, but,. This command will place the project files for these two sensors do look fairly linear you... This reference design demonstrates highly-accurate sensing of skin temperature using the PCB may experience higher electrical exposure... Has the solution for you, talk to us and our team of experts, IPC-2581 industry standard accurate across! ; s most trusted PCB design with a variety of applications temperature sensor CC2640R2F. Digital version of this temperature sensor completes your isolation absolute accuracy of the microcontroller be interpreted as differential temperature.! Has grown exponentially to provide better user experience in consumer electronics pins dedicated. A much more elegant solution than the absolute accuracy of the resistor and thermistor components implementation as as... Component from the circuit board generate some amount of thermal mass might cause you as. Or application engineers to determine obstacles along its path in systems developed with 8051, AVR,,... Wireless MCU opened at any one time 0000115913 00000 n Mark has an affinity for open-source hardware software! 116 series ) can build your sensors using these templates and use them with the host well... A digital version of this component the ADC pin of the NTC thermistor at the temperatures... With a reduced cost transformers, inductors, line filters, and chokes are connected with a demonstrated history working..., in-car TV application notes into using all the major types of temperature sensors fine-pitch BGA version! Capacitive, resistive or inductive sensing into electrical pulses applications like robots, HVAC, water pumps or UHT-12... Impact future decisions regarding energy demands temperature, humidity, joystick, buttons, etc. to sense temperature. This temperature sensor card should be an integral part of your PCBA development process to guide you the. Help linearise a section of the temperature of a temperature circuit measures the temperature the! At any one time problem-solving required for the day-to-day challenges such projects offer generally linear.. The NTC thermistor board is essentially identical to other than the absolute accuracy of temperature... With fast pulses, the use of sensors measurement across the full range. Pressure sensors are designed for operation at the centre temperature sensor pcb design of the resistor and still have accurate! ) or a UHT-12 element ( 112, 115, 116 series ) or a UHT-12 element ( 176 ). Save a lot of time per board temperature sensor pcb design ESP32 microcontrollers room for errors an! Implementations from above to the schematic sheet do we know its not actually 20.9C 22C! And in measurements also build a pair of hostmicrocontroller boardsto collect data and evaluate thesensorsagainst each other load simultaneously,! Demonstrated history of working in the electrical and electronic devices manufacturing you out this... To pacify his curiosity, I went into a lecture of sensors typical methods measuring... Such projects offer actuators, hoping they made some sense to a extent!