hb```b ea``r93g550ZC^dx*00* hmm5 5hza]Q/\TW If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. emphasized. He is Examples are sodium iodide (NaI) and bismuth germanate (BGO). @^1RxC{ hlUt)#T%Q*FecRyDu1YDn'0F7>w"VY3o#u= 3N8]W'"%=]k \\/8!r 0000005283 00000 n 602 0 obj <> endobj endstream endobj 97 0 obj <> endobj 98 0 obj <> endobj 99 0 obj <>stream For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. 0000010119 00000 n 0000006228 00000 n If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. It shows the different types of detectors that are suitable for measuring specific particles. 0000008499 00000 n %%EOF Particle detector. Silicon detectors are good for X-rays up to about 20 keV in energy. 0000007164 00000 n Singly, they can determine the energy of incident particles. The standard uncertainty of type A, denoted u A, is defined as the standard deviation of the mean value, u A = . A constancy check shall be performed on a daily basis or prior to instrument use . << Then the shower shape is analysed with a neural net using 11 strips centered on these positions [5]. Some detectors, such as scintillators, can make accurate time measurements but only a fair position determination. . Online ISBN: 978-0-7503-1428-2 x}IwcGm|GcSU:+^Hd&Z$@~#nw7zR/f==[R_gy~&\ h-vM1Vzz+4}=mt?O?m?~qe:>;NhX2_xJ{}a1~:lo>f]]X1|/3t/Vky/6"lY,V|vz}(wL!g|Ac9&_~o[PX]n0iU8_^5T6qnN-j{\i\hh[F_4dQx:lNoTRXs_}O3JE~;qnY5e-{QAG>J_ep9 ZTN}vp emfzHz 6+zO 5N)H'VN8!pA:Q7@:typY~bKI!T{T~P5}p^,}3]$(4U}pL,gK{=Yup e,@yDPr&sW&2g,Ffy,%>p;j~K|,cQz2Ey q)8Dx>vqINK}u 2%ob-QvS|Nnp?4mqi;=?~~MO7Cu]u>Nv4?oJjw7Ws;$77tag]dj|?nNH4iy=~ %t]VaPwq{?oO2gn|E'=gtzzqwO%>nJr[u Chapter 4 Scintillation Detectors 4.1. measurements, based on type of radiation the detector is calibrated for. ]2WGk\bN_p+:WPhI@d -KYBcu@mld|Y#&NS/p)&}IH{t{KpDRBOyD{lw/a:~[bxDWL)ecJ1,-_&j{HMf84x 0000009557 00000 n A partial list of detectors used in Nuclear Science. Extraordinary Professor of the University of Western Cape in South Africa. Type B standard uncertainties Emeritus Professor of Physics, Humboldt University Berlin and Deutsches Elektronensynchrotron (DESY), Movement of charge carriers in electric and magnetic fields, Track reconstruction and momentum measurement, Detectors for cosmic particles, neutrinos and exotic matter, Weighting potential of segmented electrodes, Position resolution of structured electrodes, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858362.001.0001. In semiconductor detectors, the fundamental information Simulations and beam test results show good performance of the preshower used in association with the crystal calorimeter. }`~L*9I-1X1nZ') /Parent 471 0 R /Prev 480 0 R /Next 476 0 R /A 481 0 R >> endobj 479 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 223 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 480 0 obj << /Title (.WvPOnO+Y0v*jl\n3|uYdA_) /Parent 471 0 R /Prev 482 0 R /Next 478 0 R /A 483 0 R >> endobj 481 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 216 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 482 0 obj << /Title (OZHZ#v!~3\r=|g6T> w\\Q,pj?VPO) /Parent 471 0 R /Prev 484 0 R /Next 480 0 R /A 485 0 R >> endobj 483 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 209 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 484 0 obj << /Title (. 0000006723 00000 n L]+[3m1GuQ/hZ-qRz $ H82L] h``` $. PDF. {cv9sCt^sG^6E z^J4 v,ZV|MZ:.Xp1Fcz^1{=IkT1 /Length 11535 For this reason, the great majority of radon measurements are . David Jenkins is Head of the Nuclear Physics Group at the University of York, UK. Some survey meters have a read-out unit with inter changeable probes for detecting different types of ionizing radiation (e.g., alpha, beta, and gamma). 0000004470 00000 n The study was performed using. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. In many applications of radiation detectors, the object The main types of particulate radi ation commonly seen in nuclear medicine are alpha, beta, and positron. endobj Fig. We have calculated the absorption strengths for intersubband transitions in n-type Si1xGex/Si superlattices. 0000005872 00000 n For more details on how to take advantage of this service, or to recommend the title to your librarian, please Contact us or Recommend to your Librarian, https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-1428-2. Derenzo, Scintillation Counters, Photodetectors and Radiation Spectroscopy , IEEE Short Course Radiation Detection and Measurement , 1997 Nuclear Science Symp. 0000004080 00000 n 0000007870 00000 n 0000006538 00000 n 0000004414 00000 n Part of 0000009612 00000 n Chapter 7 Semiconductor Detectors 7.1. Examined here are the characteristics of conduction bands of Si/Si1xGex superlattices as affected by the type of well and barrier making up the superlattices and their individual layer thicknesses. 0000010174 00000 n 0000002520 00000 n Common detectors include: Gas filled . multiple types of radiation in this process, whereas others emit only a single type. /MediaBox[0 0 611 791] 0 96 0 obj <> endobj Did you find this useful? 0000007545 00000 n Pulse Analysis The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. The IR detectors evolved initially with theories and subsequently by improvement of materials. Similarly, powerful computer systems are needed to analyze these data so that a scientific discovery can be made. 0000004621 00000 n 0000002366 00000 n Chapter 2 General Properties of Radiation Detectors Ionizing radiation is most commonly detected by the charge created when radiation interacts with the detector. Charge Sensitive Preamp A Vo Vi R1 R2 Radiation detector Ci Radiation detector Vo Vi Ci Cf A V Q i C i = VV oi R R 2 1 Preamplifier 63% Input Output V Q o C f VVe= t o /RCff Y\X\'fIcQJ3X~Llcr29`Y f&-e;3NXw_pBKvB.8!u')yNM(q=_6g^rbcQY[QYt^h/*FMA&2X{B\5t6^mx eKs8f9g*(b; ybS 0000005473 00000 n In experimental and applied particle physics, nuclear physics, and nuclear engineering, a particle detector, also known as a radiation detector, is a device used to detect, track, and/or identify ionizing particles, such as those produced by nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator. In the preshower the absorber must be sufficiently thick in order to initiate photon showers but a too thick absorber would degrade the excellent energy resolution of the crystal calorimeter. hbbd```b``"[dL`w`Q0L^o`2 Lje%lAi + Print ISBN: 978-0-7503-1429-9. 135 0 obj <>stream Liquid scintillators can measure both neutrons and gamma rays. 0000008056 00000 n 0000005625 00000 n Among . Thus, neutrino detectors must be very large. A gas filled detector is usually cylindrical in shape, with an outer wall and a central electrode well insulated from each other. 8#BPj/d&4o CDeNupw;J4h=(e>q{>. 0000006172 00000 n OEUS4?_*2[}$[,9`L ,u%?q(K%7^pevqFxqZNDn/_8Zhmeq0.~hO Uw$y4:yLZAym+s;sHW|Zu\p%CJjD\ywJ Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. 0000007369 00000 n 0000005078 00000 n developed a strong strand of applications-related research with extensive industrial stream i(iiVxV/}Jwh\hF6#`pB[nTg#6H*48_'dVrb4{(ubW-6],)2cJ. Neutrino Detectors: Neutrinos interact very weakly with matter and are therefore very hard to detect. Fig 5 shows the reducible jet background after isolation and after0 rejection as a fraction of the irreducible background. Multi-wire detection systems with nearly a quarter of a million channels of electronics provide information on these tracks. @"W>"42zo dk%.Fl6CZ2s .Ny?F(o%k %:XwJ@V His research in Structure. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. Ionization detectors were the first electrical devices developed for radiation detection During the first half of the century: 3 basic types of detectors Ionization chamber Proportional counter Geiger-Mller Counter Still used in the lab as radiation counters, but not really used in nuclear or particle physics . A scientist designs an experiment using an optimum choice of detector system. 0000008836 00000 n :%M HXp[3x60}mVt!2Sy a7. detectors or solid state detectors (e.g. 0000038364 00000 n %%EOF Germanium gamma ray detectors play the central role in nuclear high-spin physics, where gamma rays are used to measure the rotation of nuclei. to the needs of a particular measurement problem. It is constant with energy and the results are very stable for variations of of the order of10%. 653 0 obj <>stream In general, detection efficiency is dependent on both radiation interaction and size of a . Advances in electronics, particularly the invention of the transistor, allowed the development of electronic detectors. Copyright IOP Publishing Ltd 2020 These materials are used for radiation monitoring, in research, and in medical imaging equipment. Two types of etched track detector are commonly used, one (known as a closed detector) consisting of a track detector within a container which allows . It is measured and added to the energy deposited in the crystals as will be explained in section 4.2Silicon detectors Each silicon detector is a square of 63x63 mm2 divided into 32 strips of 60x1.9 mm2. bigger internal radiation detectors and therefore, they offer more detection sensi tivity than radiation pagers. 656 0 obj <>stream %PDF-1.3 The wall is usually made of tissue equivalent material for ionization chamber detectors and of brass or copper for other types of . The pulse shapes might differ because the pulse rise time reflects the distribution within the detector volume of the deposited radiation energy and this distribution varies for different types of radiation. wo9Fq{q3XR5D@JrgAehT*eU6%w"p %!XoX^}@$xt 8:[PWqQzl{1 View your signed in personal account and access account management features. Publishing. 3 0 obj hbbd```b``"A$^ ""`5 `t0 }`LfI_ 0000009450 00000 n Department of Physics, University of York, York, UK. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. 13 Scintillation detectors View chapter 14 Particle identification View chapter 15 Calorimeters View chapter 16 Detectors for cosmic particles, neutrinos and exotic matter View chapter 17 Signal processing, readout and noise View chapter 18 Trigger and data acquisition systems View chapter End Matter Appendix A Dosimetry and radioactive sources Radiation detection is key to experimental nuclear physics as well as underpinning a wide Since the preshower is not in the first level trigger, an analog memory of 4s is needed for each channel. Nearly 100 leading scientists from industry and academia were selected to write the handbook's chapters, which were . 4AY:cH(65[! The dangerous jet background which has large uncertainties needs to be further reduced by a factor of about 3 so that it does not dominate the irreducible background. f\|Ilaob-k; FP 1lf),{(NWd.&Iqs F,}|2`+a gc(\_-0X[oUUG'cC?CejiM%VQ, >> For this mass range the Higgs width is smaller than 100 MeV, therefore the resolution on its mass will be entirely dominated by the detector resolution, necessitating a high resolution calorimeter. Simulations and beam test results show good performance of the preshower used in association with the crystal calorimeter. Active Detector Systems 25 radiation types. Solid state X-ray and gamma-ray detectors: Silicon and germanium detectors, cooled to temperatures slightly above that of liquid nitrogen (77 K), are used for precise measurements of X-ray and gamma-ray energies and intensities. 4.1. J. Sz,!)} {m{TU,[ {&o0ZlD By continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies. They are detected by nuclear interactions that produce secondary charged particles. Nonparticulate types of radiation include gamma rays and X-rays. /Title (Microsoft Word - seminarreport.doc) What could be simpler! endstream endobj startxref View the institutional accounts that are providing access. In this detector, BF3 gas acts as both a proportional gas and a neutron detection material. d`e` @1V { K{%l\@Fku'_[jk8[&u5- .G[Rm(yz~hU)P6u;)55y+JRv) ;RAbX;::2T#b*E`Q,a40a@)%b9X2*3020>fd$e?AAAA,UB_ ]@g0 } /Contents[5 0 R] 0000009917 00000 n >> 0000006779 00000 n 0000007489 00000 n Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. For radiation detection, some material can scintillate when exposed to radiation that makes them useful as detectors. 9.1 Give us your feedback, Content maybe subject tocopyright Report. << The total energy deposited in the system is given by:Etot = E9 + Epresh (1)with Epresh = (E1 + E2) (2)where E9 is the energy in the crystals summed on a 3x3 array centered on the most energetic, E1 and E2, expressed in Mips are the charge deposited in each plane of the preshower summed on 5 strips centered on the strip with the highest energy. 0000008891 00000 n Specific radioisotopes and amount present clustering in nuclei and the study of proton-rich nuclei. 602 0 obj <> endobj Scintillates are one of the oldest types of radiation detector because measurements could be made with photographic film. Arejection factor of about 3 is obtained for the energy range of interest for the H search, keeping a photon efficiency of 91%. This site uses cookies. The physics and the radiation environment impose strong requirements on this detector. %%EOF Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. After type inversion the bias needed to reach the full depletion increases; moreover an over-depletion is needed because of charge trapping, therefore the detectors must withstand up to 500 V., Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment, The FoCal prototype - An extremely fine-grained electromagnetic calorimeter using CMOS pixel sensors, Upgrade of the Global Muon Trigger for the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment at CERN, Radiation and Temperature Effects on the APV25 Readout Chip for the CMS Tracker, Electromagnetic calorimetry and e/ performance in CMS, The electromagnetic calorimeter of cms, summary and status, A Combination of Preliminary Electroweak Measurements and Constraints on the Standard Model The LEP Collaborations ALEPH, DELPHI, L3, OPAL, the LEP Electroweak Working Group y and the SLD Heavy Flavour Group z, Delta: a charge sensitive front-end amplifier with switched gain for low-noise, large dynamic range silicon detector readout, Status of the PWO crystal production from Russia for CMS-ECAL, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Results from the 1999 Beam Test of a Preshower Prototype, An Artificial Neural Net Approach to Photon - Pi-zero Discrimination using the CMS Endcap Preshower, Front-End Electronics for the Cms Preshower Detector, The CMS Preshower construction and commissioning, Performance of CMS ECAL Preshower in 2007 test beam, Experience with constructing and operating the world's largest silicon-based electromagnetic calorimeter - The CMS preshower. The detection of elementary particles, nuclei and high-energetic electromagnetic radiation, in this book commonly designated as particles, proceeds through interactions of the particles with matter. 623 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<886B96B85C2D9E4F85C442F9B8C8C8C7>]/Index[602 52]/Info 601 0 R/Length 104/Prev 227744/Root 603 0 R/Size 654/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream 0000006898 00000 n In the hands of emergency responders, survey meters would Download direct to your Kindle device for instant, off-line reading. 4RB3/6R03 Radioisotopes and Radiation Methodology 9-2 (96% enriched 10B) filled to 600 torr is 92 % at thermal neutron energies (25 meV). 0000006594 00000 n The results are compared with those obtained by a, We have investigated trapping mechanisms responsible for the persistent photoeffect in heavily doped GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As multiplequantumwell structures. These transitions can be used for the detection of long-wavelength infrared radiation. The books come in a durable paperback format, with full-colour cover, black & white contents, and monochrome illustrations (where present). High speed computer systems process and store the data from these detectors. Early detectors used photographic plates to detect "tracks" left by nuclear interactions. 0000009780 00000 n myPrint is a new service, offering individuals at institutions who have purchased IOP ebooks the chance to buy their own personal print-copy, direct from iopscience.org. The temperature, Electronic band structure and absorption coefficient for intersubband transitions in a Si/Si1xGex superlattice under external electric fields are reported using a full Brillouinzone energyband, Absorption of infrared radiation at normal incidence from intervalencesubband transitions is investigated in ptype GaSb/Ga1xAlxSb quantum wells. Details of theCMS crystal calorimeter can be found in other contributions to this conference [2, 3]; only the preshower characteristics and performance will be discussed here. Advances in materials, particularly ultra-pure materials, and methods of fabrication have been critical to the creation of new and better detectors. 0000009070 00000 n This book will be invaluable to PhD N]P{5h!EtkAHU B56 RVK(u/^p9_9pkhWuAwu({,9s.#qid_?tI%44Ly(JP+@uf 8}GZ! 0000008250 00000 n Because of this and other limitations, it is best used for demonstrations or for radiation environments where only a rough estimate of the amount of radioactivity is needed. /Resources 11 0 R This will include many of the detector types incorporated into the measurement methods that are described in later sections of this chapter. endstream endobj startxref Figure 8 gives the energy resolution in data and in simulation, showing a very good agreement. experimental nuclear physics focusses on several topics such as nuclear astrophysics, *J`wsuWEZN MvWY!/)36vU^Z&bRz\oK eFW_ WFTl[L'K"?fS[T+Yvf7 *:CHjY-Pn)? 80J)B!a6RBTdeldx%^4dx0kg9U}nrSd"8>_(rasfs]4z|3zdiUlN_I>x|/GDnl3x}YQj|*svz|9_bhgv[*bfz[t_7F"wRWx(M|$6}r-LTr)(YFXvw"7Rwu{5@' A 2bb hbbd``b` $W @a{D Z RgR bqX@ u j wd2{ a$e`X?g T The following list presents some types of commonly used detectors and includes comments on each of them: Geiger Counter: The detector most common to the public is the Geiger-Mueller counter, commonly called the Geiger counter. The energy and position resolutions of the crystal calorimeter with the preshower in front were measured in the H4 beam at CERN in 1999 and compared to a simulation based on GEANT 3.21. hb```a``@(qa!;A,R P 07@Z 8f7&!LJL3a|K?[!V00=C X The underpinning physics of different detector TheCMS electromagnetic calorimeter is made of PbWO4 crystals with a front face of about 2.2x2.2 cm2 in the barrel and 2.9x2.9 cm2 in the endcap. This section summarizes the most common detector types used for the detection of ionizing radiation in the field. The infrared detector can be thought of as converter of IR radiation into an, The calculation of the photoabsorption spectra and quantum efficiency of SiSiGe quantumwell (QW) detectors are presented, with the effects of depolarization and electronelectron exchange, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. This is a Cerenkov counter in which the interaction of the neutrino with the heavy water produces an electron moving faster than the speed of light in the water. also a Fellow of the Institute of Advanced Study, University of Strasbourg (USIAS) and an which is hardly met in practical applications. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. The physics and the radiation environment impose strong requirements on this detector. The requirements for these electronics are the following: Since only a few percent of the total charge is deposited in the preshower, it only needs to be measured with a precision of about 5%., The setup consists of: a prototype preshower made of 2 planes of absorber, each equipped with an array of 2x2 full-sized silicon detectors, a 5x5 matrix of full size endcap crystals. 0000039891 00000 n 0000006954 00000 n Simulation showed that the preshower can achieve a good0 rejection in the interesting energy range. The precision electroweak measurements atLEP andSLC point to a relatively light Higgs:MH < 215 GeV(95% C.L.) 55 0 obj <>stream 0000010441 00000 n :O}ymluDB 1ouccGQxJq! Type : PDF & EPUB Page : 0 Download . << 0000002728 00000 n 0000009395 00000 n After these cuts the jet background is less than15% of the irreducible background. Neutron detectors: Neutrons are much harder to detect because they are not charged. 118 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<3B4E3FF675D0AB6DFF7410E23567F98F>]/Index[96 40]/Info 95 0 R/Length 105/Prev 297241/Root 97 0 R/Size 136/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream During the first half of nineteenth century, efforts were made to improve the speed and accuracy of 26 0 obj <> endobj 0000040031 00000 n Detector To find out more, see our, Browse more than 100 science journal titles, Read the very best research published in IOP journals, Read open access proceedings from science conferences worldwide, ,Nuclear structure and radioactive decay, ,Interaction of ionising radiation with matter, ,Scintillator detectors for gamma-ray detection, ,Semiconductor detectors for gamma-ray detection, ,Applications of gamma-ray detection for society, medicine and other areas of Cost is a major factor in modern detector design, especially for large systems consisting of a multitude of detectors and associated electronics. 1 0 obj 0000005227 00000 n 2 0 obj /Parent 1 0 R These transitions can be used for the detection of long-wavelength infrared radiation. 0000009215 00000 n D.2.1 Gas-Filled Detectors. 0000005022 00000 n :H*1iDZC>lSBZM&%Zu'v jb_5(Ov]M5]0\iX{J|ChZ]p}qNF3c Q$jGS"EB&=?9>":QT@lJRDB$iuGR\,"qK: c5ZI:.j:. 7B{5YNcJU!F)F1 ud44oGFBd dO|toOFY_)6 0000010276 00000 n 0000008640 00000 n 0000008112 00000 n Normal incidence absorption is allowed in, We report on longwavelength intersubband absorption under normal incidence in heavily doped binarybinary GaSbAlSb superlattices. Besides the introductory and overview chapters (chapters 1 and 2), the book is divided into five subject areas: fundamentals (chapters 3 to 5), detection of tracks of charged particles (chapters 6 to 9), phenomena and methods mainly applied for particle identification (chapters 10 to 14), energy measurement (accelerator and non-accelerator experiments) (chapters 15, 16), electronics and data acquisition (chapters 17 and 18). David Jenkins Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. These are: Gas-Filled Detectors, Scintillators, and Solid State detectors. 0000011050 00000 n A preshower detector aimed at 0 identification will be installed in the endcaps of CMS in front of the crystal calorimeter. H|]k0+"/]xg$V&9}c[zW^l]ve {gmjUUqfsQB7MwHK&kG% /T1I Ue_Q; '3d^q^URJ V2^zp5.7LYqeRqgmOEWzluiJ"Xu}|/bdR%So}Sa {s /Pages 1 0 R The most famous type of boron-based neutron detector is the BF3 proportional counter. Crudely, the efficiency with which a detector measures a particular type of radiation depends on the efficiency with which the . 0000007737 00000 n For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. trailer << /Size 551 /Info 431 0 R /Encrypt 466 0 R /Root 465 0 R /Prev 445815 /ID[<469b9c63ffbb961ef8cb2fbc54370062>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 465 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 433 0 R /Metadata 430 0 R /JT 450 0 R /AcroForm 468 0 R /FICL:Enfocus 451 0 R /Names 469 0 R /Outlines 471 0 R /PageLabels 428 0 R /PageMode /UseOutlines /PageLayout /SinglePage /OpenAction 467 0 R >> endobj 466 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /R 2 /O (Gd#n[pU;sT388YSW) /U (I{r\)"{D\\) /P -44 /V 1 /Length 40 >> endobj 467 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 470 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 468 0 obj << /Fields [ ] /DR << /Font << /ZaDb 275 0 R /Helv 276 0 R >> /Encoding << /PDFDocEncoding 277 0 R >> >> /DA (E\)fP ) >> endobj 469 0 obj << /AP 454 0 R >> endobj 549 0 obj << /S 1137 /T 1368 /O 1508 /V 1524 /L 1546 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 550 0 R >> stream