After refactoring our code to use repeat (), we should expect the same results from these lines of code: .element { /* this is the same as grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr . The technique, though, requires using media queries to stop the text from becoming too big or too small. Also, there seems to be some caveats using viewport units for scaling font sizes. Well also be sizing our tracks using grid-column and grid-row, and learning about the handy property:value combination of grid-auto-flow: dense; that allows us to change the default behavior of the elements that cant fit on our explicit tracks: Instead of wrapping themselves in new rows or columns, well make them fit into the unused spots on our grid. This is essentially the same as saying this: Quite flexible, right? Just add the CSS properties of elements in your page that you want to look like on mobile. Flexbox, Grid, and Media Queries are three essential concepts that you can use to take your CSS skills to the next level. Please refer to the responsive design section to read about best practices for using variables and CSS (flexbox, grid, etc).. Code example. A user indicates their preference through an operating system setting (e.g. In this example, we add a breakpoint at 768 px: Make sure you check the source code and play around with this example on CodePen. This will make our design Mobile First: You can add as many breakpoints as you like. Read Time: 5 min. There are now far too many devices, with a huge variety of sizes, to make that feasible. Using responsive utility variants to build adaptive user interfaces. of this rule is that the number of columns is inferred by the property values. This is similar to how minmax() work in CSS Grid. Open this example in the browser, or view the source. Note: There were a number of other media types defined in the Level 3 Media Queries specification; these have been deprecated and should be avoided. You could also experiment with adding different components and seeing whether the addition of a media query, or using a layout method like flexbox or grid is the most appropriate way to make the components responsive. and what should that do? And we dont want to deal with horizontal scrollbars! Ive seen this technique used in a couple of places (and we have a few starter grid templates to boot) but Andys article about how it all works finally made it all sink in just how useful grid is. I doubt it would be that significant (as computers are generally great at performing maths calculations), but on the other hand, some of what is going on here is potentially, quite complex. How can I select an element with multiple classes in jQuery? By changing it from row to dense, were telling the grid to fill any gaps we might have with elements that could fit them, regardless of their source order on the DOM. Media queries will quickly get out of hand if we take this HTML; CSS; Using CSS class pseudo selectors to style child elements of a parent #. Media queries are a key component of responsive design that allow you to apply CSS styles depending on the presence or value of device characteristics.. It's common to apply a media query based on the viewport size so that layout choices can be made for devices with different screen sizes. write queries to ensure margins and gutters (white space between rows and /* Create four equal columns that floats next to each other */. thoughtbot, inc. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Once that little confusion is all taken care of, lets take a look at some examples. We will also explore techniques for adaptive the user interface at runtime for maximum control. This means that we must make some changes in our CSS. The grid is created using our familiar display: grid; property, where columns are defined using repeat(), auto-fit and minmax(). If either of these things are true the query matches. One well-supported media feature is orientation, which allows us to test for portrait or landscape mode. Applying the Holy Albatross technique gives us something like this: The 33.3333 percent represents the size of each of our cards (making room for three columns) given that the value is no bigger than the preferred value: (40rem - 100%) * 999. framework. using them to create responsive designs. What if we want a bit more control over the distribution of columns as well as the point at which it should break? Take advantage of CSS layout features like flexbox and CSS grid to naturally create layouts that are responsive without the need for media . The instruction for this layout reads, If the card container goes below a width of 40rem, then the cards should stack.. If we view the layout in Responsive Design Mode in DevTools we can see that it works pretty well as a straightforward mobile view of the site. Each feature is documented on MDN along with browser support information, and you can find a full list at Using Media Queries: Media Features. The browsers zoom wont work, resizing the browser window impacts readability, and the text will look massive on a large screen. The view for the very smallest devices is quite often a simple single column of content, much as it appears in normal flow. Otherwise the maximum value is 100 percent. To keep things simple you could target It is the latest version of HTML, and it is used to create the structure and content of web pages. .column {. of CSS. The Responsive Design Mode in Firefox DevTools is very useful for working out where these breakpoints should go. Introduces media queries, their syntax, and the operators and media features which are used to construct media query expressions. This way we can ensure that the content (e.g., headers, footer, etc.) There are numerous articles/tutorials out there illustrating the benefits and algorithmic capabilities of CSS Grid, covering everything from the visual ASCII-inspired template-areas to auto-placement making media queries somewhat obsolete. @media [media-type] ( [media-feature]) { // custom CSS } For example, the code snippet below targets devices with screens above 320 pixels. This comment thread is closed. Just put a URL to it here and we'll apply it, in the order you have them, before the CSS in the Pen itself. I was thinking if we use grid-areas and assign areas to each class, will making it responsive be as simple as it is now without grid-areas? At a certain breakpoint there is only enough room for two cards, thus resulting in a two column layout. For example, you may have a smaller font size for devices with small screens, increase the padding between paragraphs when a page is viewed in portrait mode, or increase the size of buttons on touchscreens. There are three different ways to include CSS in your code; however, only two of those methods provide a practical way to include media queries in your programsinternal or external CSS. I foresee a promising future for layouts on the web, and Im looking forward to seeing more use cases with math functions in CSS. Would be really interesting to know whether there are any frontend performance implications to using this at scale. we can simply reorder the areas with the same property: Furthermore, we can rearrange the grid areas in any arbitrary layout with that But now, with the incredibly powerful layouts that were able to create with a couple of CSS lines, you might feel tempted to think that media queries are doomed. Suppose the elements structure is like so: Now simply toggle container class grid-template-areas using @media query. The width (and height) media features can be used as ranges, and therefore be prefixed with min- or max- to indicate that the given value is a minimum, or a maximum. For example, perhaps you could change the size of the navigation if you detect that the visitor has a coarse pointer, using the pointer media feature. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. It enables the user to precisely target a small area. It means that the view of a web page differs from system to system based on screen or media types. Te enseamos como crear layouts responsive en 3 lneas de CSS!Apr. Inside a media query we'll make the main element into a two column grid. In CSS Flexbox, why are there no "justify-items" and "justify-self" properties? @G-Cyrillus Ahh a lovely idea, much less confusing thank you! A common use of media queries, is to create a flexible layout. Nice post! From Heydons article he finds that: min-width and max-width override flex-basis. As for Subgrid, unfortunately, this isnt standardized yet and only works in Firefox for now. need to tell the grid which area they appear in, and the container does the Let me know if you are aware of other techniques or if you just want to comment on this article. Active learning: mobile first responsive design, From object to iframe other embedding technologies, HTML table advanced features and accessibility, What went wrong? Las Media Queries son una parte importante del diseo web responsive comnmente usadas para grid layouts, tamaos de texto, mrgenes y padding que difieren segn el tamao de . Very often there is no right or wrong way you should experiment and see which works best for your design and content. The value itself. I strongly disagree with that: I believe that we should change the way we think about them, and therefore use them differently. Get started with $200 in free credit! Content available under a Creative Commons license. Joint owned property 50% each. Bootstrap 4 introduced a new breakpoint to the grid system XL. Thus, media queries fall short if we want to build a truly flexible component that should fit into any container and have its own set of instructions on how it should behave in different circumstances no matter the outside context. Hello, i wanted to know how to do if we want to hide something for a width, breakpoint are mandatory in this case ? * The card container can only squeeze down to a point at which its content reaches the largest minimal size. In CSS, use the @media at-rule to conditionally apply part of a style sheet based on the result of a media query. Open step 2 in the browser, or view the source. A fine pointer is something like a mouse or trackpad. margins on our child elements. Convolution of Poisson with Binomial distribution? Its easier fixing what you have then inventing it new, start with a block layout for mobile and add a mediaquerie to turn it into a 2 column grid for bigger screen, it will be less confusing to you. The current version of Safari (13.1, from April) actually does support clamp(), although I found out, that it does work for font-sizes. This can be achieved with grid layout, using no media queries at all. Heres what it looks like: The alignment capabilities alongside clamp() in this example only work in Firefox 75+ for now. Lets try implementing this formulae into our grid example. A much nicer syntax! why downvote? Just dont use container, row and column classes. It helped me a lot! These features are used to create layouts that respond to different screen sizes. with Ed Charbeneau.NET Conf 2021. ), I would be very interested in learning what has worked for others. Another use case might be responsive font sizes with clamp()and no media queries. In this session you'll learn about CSS techniques like CSS Grid, Flexbox and media queries. Default Media Queries. Broadly, you can take two approaches to a responsive design. I dont think restricted environments like email clients will support this syntax, sadly . The CSS specifications, on the other hand, are fixed. I've attached the two layouts below, Would not using grid be better? Its 2020 and we have ever so slightly diverged from the idea that designers and developers can control every pixel of a design at any given screen size. There used to be days when there were no media queries and we referred to responsive designs as liquid designs. flexbox. The default behavior is row, meaning that any extra element that wont fit on our grid will wrap into a new line. rev2023.3.17.43323. Lets break down the code to see whats going on: Lets take a look at the code for the .hero element: We have a bunch of background styles to enable the beer background, a bit of padding to separate the content from the edge of the screen, and then three lines of grid styles: Generally speaking, what we usually do to define our columns and rows on a CSS Grid is to add the value for each track after defining the property, like this: Now, thats quite dull. Like with media queries, CSS nested inside an @supports rule will only be applied if the browser supports the specified property or feature . Media queries tell the grid to have a specific layout at certain device widths. approach for any complex layout. must: What a headache! This is very clever indeed, however, we dont have the same level of control when resorting to viewport units. Linux script with logfile that changes names, Check memory usage of process which exits immediately, When to claim check dated in one year but received the next. In this article, well start dipping our toes into the power of CSS Grid by building a couple of common responsive navigation layouts. What is dependency grammar and what are the possible relationships? HTML5 stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, version 5. adjust things according to the constant that is the viewport, The evolution of asynchronous programming in JavaScript, Building a resizable React component using custom React Hooks. For which one, specifically? This post is part of a series called Understanding the CSS Grid Layout Module. In this article, we will explore these advanced CSS concepts and provide examples of how they can be used in your web . Build a responsive design using . Big thanks for the article! Responsive and Adaptive Tactics for Blazor Applications. Yeah, thatll work as well, but youll need to write media queries to change the grid areas, Great Article! With all of the different possible media queries, you may want to combine them, or create lists of queries any of which could be matched. 100% fluid responsive layout; Bootstrap v3.6 Grid System; creative design according to latest trends; HTML5 Validation; excellent CSS3 animations; . You can read more about centering in CSS here . Not only has CSS Grid reshaped the way we think and build layouts for the web, but it has also contributed to writing more resilient code, replacing hacky techniques weve used before, and in some cases, killing the need to rely on code for specific resolutions and viewports. In the code below, the left-hand column is . First-person pronoun for things other than mathematical steps - singular or plural? This page was last modified on Feb 23, 2023 by MDN contributors. font-size: min(max(var(fmax)/1280*100vw, var(fmin) * 1px), var(fmax) * 1px); In the Trello example it should be align-items: start instead of flex-start. `, Thanks, great article! If you have important information to share, please, https://developer.mozilla.org/es/docs/Web/CSS/:last-child, https://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/css/reset/. We could also nest the other way around and write: Other than min() and max(), we also have clamp() that can be a bit easier to read as the value is nestled between its minimum and maximum. This seems like a bug thatll be fixed sooner rather than later. Learn how Media Queries can help users understand your website better. Now, what if we want to show the users avatar first, with their name HTML5 and CSS3 are two of the most important coding languages used in web development. What will we be defining? A coarse pointer is your finger on a touchscreen. It thoroughly details topics such as media queries, forms, responsive images, SVG and so much more. This looks promising, but the naming of these new functions are a bit confusing at first. Intro Project Overview Buying Hosting & Free Domain Name Create React App & Project Structure Responsive React Navbar & Routing React Router Dom 6 General CSS Styles & Variables Main Header Component Programs Component Values Component FAQs Component Testimonials Component Footer Component General CSS Media Queries Responsive Design Home Page Components Media Queries About Component Contact . on CodePen. This is not what we want. And thats where the third line comes in. In this example, we create a layout that varies between four, two and full-width columns, depending on different screen sizes: Large screens: Medium screens: Small screens: Example. Now, the original Trello is not responsive by default: If you resize your browser on a Trello Board, youll notice that youll end up having a horizontal scroll on your columns, rather than wrapping them on a new row. This happens for example when we have the two columns before going to the one column layout. 14 "Trashed" bikes acquired for free. Click on one of the bars to view your page while that media query is active. In the case of where there are fewer items than columns, auto-fill will create empty columns, where as auto-fit would only create the required number of columns. Griddy. And those 10vw seem a bit arbitrary to me. With this functionality, your site or app can respond to changes in the device configuration, orientation, or state. That might work for some scenarios, but for our beer example here, we need to be able to automatically calculate the size of the track, based on the width of the viewport, and automatically adjust the number of columns shown. print, or screen). On this next example, well embrace the power of our newly learned combination of repeat(), auto-fit and minmax() to create this responsive image gallery. rules with blocks arranged along 2 axes, such as an element spanning 2 rows, we Example of creating a responsive grid layout by using media queries: Great information and explanations to fuel CSS Grid knowledge. What if we want three or more columns to collapse straight into one without intermediate steps? For now safari doesnt support `clamp` but if you want you can use this postcss plugin: The following medium complexity example uses HTML and CSS to create a grid layout. structure is ordered logically for accessibility. Now, moving to the last piece of the puzzle! But why not leave out the positioning and put the figcaption on top of the image with Grid. The body text will only be blue if the viewport is at least 600 pixels wide and the device is in landscape mode. We declare that the minimum value should be 50 percent, the preferred value should be 350 pixels, and the maximum size should be 100 percent. You can learn more about programmatically using media queries in Testing media queries. The following example creates a simple CSS grid system. Responsive Design. Everything else in the Pen is standard CSS to achieve the Trello look and feel. It uses the @media rule to include a block of CSS properties only if a CSS Grid Challenge : When the viewport width is 400px or more, make the header area occupy the top row completely and the footer area occupy the bottom row completely. The grid layout usually consists of 12 columns but can have more. Being solely based on the polygonal area of the viewport, media queries can be less flexible when youre dealing with independent layout components. initial value of flex-wrap being nowrap. Hero Content and List of Articles by Juan Martn Garca (@imjuangarcia) Let's take a closer look at each one. This could be achieved using the following: Open the grid layout example in the browser, or view the source. Nothing new under the sun, and whats really neat about this, is that our code is resilient enough to adjust the number of tracks and their sizes, according to the number of items we have inside our unordered list: Thats all, folks! Each name separated by one or more spaces defines a column (and each row must In this lesson you have learned about media queries, and also discovered how to use them in practice to create a mobile first responsive design. Using the grid layout module is the easiest way to design responsive websites. Made by hand in Austin, Texas. And finally, well make sure our images cover the entire area of its container, regardless if its 1x, 2x or 3x, using object-fit: cover;. Each breakpoint is informed by the hypothetical inscription of the individual layout component rather than that of multiple somewhat arbitrary media queries. In the hero for our beer example above, we set our minmax() property to be 240px at its minimum size, and 1fr at its maximum size. Good catch! Take a look: This rule tells the container that there are three areas: name, avatar, and This comment thread is closed. I thought that part was done by the CSS grid which I found amazing. A media query is a CSS property; it can, therefore, only be used within the styling language. The prefers-color-scheme CSS media feature is used to detect if a user has requested light or dark color themes. Perhaps we could even do: In the below example the text will be blue if the viewport is at least 600 pixels wide OR the device is in landscape orientation. We also created a repetition pattern using the nth-child() pseudo-selector to set different sizes for our tracks using grid-column and grid-row. Auto-fill and auto-fit should really be added to the dedicated article: A complete guide to Grid. This means that you probably don't need to do a lot of layout for small devices order your source well and you will have a readable layout by default. breakpoint: The first and the third section will both span 3 columns each. We've made no layout changes, however the source of the document is ordered in a way that makes the content readable. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Media queries are a key part of responsive web design, as they allow you to create different layouts depending on the size of the viewport, but they can also be used to detect . Yeah, for hiding content youll need to use a media query. flexbox and several clever frameworks have made grids easy to achieve with If possible, go with a mobile-first approach with your media queries where your non-media query CSS would apply to the smallest device, then add media queries for larger viewports as needed. altering the size & number of columns, rows, gaps, etc. Modernize how you debug web and mobile apps Start monitoring for free. These tactics apply to Blazor WASM, Server, and Blazor Hybrid. What do I look for? The points at which a media query is introduced are known as breakpoints. What is the cause of the constancy of the speed of light in vacuum? It's common to apply a media query based on the viewport size so that layout choices can be made for devices with different screen sizes. Well also be defining a gap between them, and use align-items: flex-start; to ensure that our columns dont stretch to the bottom of the screen. Here we made the div a grid using display:grid property and using grid-template-columns:repeat (5,1fr) , we have created grid with 5 columnsd and 8 rows (8 x 5 = 40 elements), gap:20px 30px means 20px gap between rows and 30px gap between columns and place-items:center means the items will be centered in both horizontally and vertically. So we dont get that empty trailing space after the odd nr li grid item. Privacy Policy, Torque Social Hour: Josepha Haden Chomphosy talks about WordPresss 20th Anniversary, Press This: How WordPress Certification Can Help Developers Stand Out, 3 Best Project Management Tools for Developers, How to Add Buy Now Buttons to Your Products, Blog Images Best Practices: 10 Ways to Use Images in Blog Posts. At this time of writing Chrome/Edge, Firefox (75+), and Safari (13.1+) all support min(), max(), and clamp(). Easiest way is the use of a grid while your line will not help at all. Extra small devices (phones, 600px and down) */, @media only screen and (orientation: If so, then you would be wrong, Im afraid. Mode in Firefox 75+ for now device widths design / logo 2023 stack Exchange Inc ; contributions. Window impacts readability, and media queries to stop the text will only be css grid responsive media queries... Design responsive websites preference through an operating system setting ( e.g design mode in Firefox 75+ now. Third section will both span 3 columns each maximum control are there ``! View of a grid while your line will not help at all maximum control polygonal of! Under CC BY-SA look and feel using @ media query is introduced are as..., I would be really interesting to know whether there are now far too many devices with! Thatll be fixed sooner rather than that of multiple somewhat arbitrary media queries tell the grid layout usually of... Different screen sizes is like so: now simply toggle container class using. On top of the document is ordered in a way that makes the content ( e.g., headers footer... ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA dont get css grid responsive media queries empty trailing after. On one of the document is ordered in a two column grid tracks using and. Within the styling language certain device widths elements structure is like so: now toggle! The text from becoming too big or too small user interface at runtime for maximum.! That empty trailing space after the odd nr li grid item however, we will these! Css grid system the viewport is at least 600 pixels wide and the device is landscape. Https: //meyerweb.com/eric/tools/css/reset/ mathematical steps - singular or plural put the figcaption on top of the speed light! Only works in Firefox for now dealing with independent layout components way you experiment! Media feature is orientation, which allows us to test for portrait or landscape mode use them.! Small area using grid-column and grid-row clients will support this syntax, and the configuration... Without intermediate steps @ media query test for portrait or landscape mode, your site or app respond... Space after the odd nr li grid item get that empty trailing after... Units for scaling font sizes about CSS techniques like CSS grid the styling language clamp ( ) and no queries... Footer, etc. sheet based on the polygonal area of the layout. Taken care of, lets take a look at some examples I would very. Cause of the individual layout component rather than that of multiple somewhat arbitrary media queries the! Responsive en 3 lneas de CSS! Apr into our grid example work as well, but need. Will make our design mobile first: you can add as many breakpoints as you.! Multiple classes in jQuery responsive images, SVG and so much more and we dont want to with... These things are true the query matches using responsive utility variants to build adaptive user interfaces just dont use,... What is the easiest way is the easiest way to design responsive websites while media! In vacuum, 2023 by MDN contributors other hand, are fixed creates! In a way that makes the content ( e.g., headers, footer, etc )... The Pen is standard CSS to achieve the Trello look and feel article... Implications to using this at scale area of the bars to view your that! Standard CSS to achieve the Trello look and feel made no layout changes, however the of... Be days when there were no media queries tell the grid layout Module layout in... Now simply toggle container class grid-template-areas using @ media query is a CSS property ; it,! Leave out the positioning and put the figcaption on top of the to. Responsive designs as liquid designs target a small area, would not using be! Concepts and provide examples of how they can be used within the styling language the power of CSS which! Designs as liquid designs fixed sooner rather than later made no layout,. At-Rule to conditionally apply part of a series called Understanding the CSS grid by building couple. Only works in Firefox 75+ for now runtime for maximum control with clamp ( ) pseudo-selector to set different for! The document is ordered in a two column grid, unfortunately, this isnt standardized yet only. Sizes, to make that feasible override flex-basis will support this syntax sadly! Queries to change the way we can ensure that the number of columns is by..., row and column classes moving to the next level somewhat arbitrary media queries in Testing media queries,,... Known as breakpoints need for media the query matches, unfortunately, this isnt standardized yet and only works Firefox! And Blazor Hybrid to view your page while that media query is active resizing the browser window readability., forms, responsive images, SVG and so much more CSS feature... Strongly disagree with that: I believe that we must make some changes in our CSS this post is of... Taken care of, lets take a look at some examples justify-self '' properties, on result! Other than mathematical steps - singular or plural bit more control over distribution., only be blue if the viewport, media queries app can respond to screen... Orientation, which allows us to test for portrait or landscape mode centering in CSS flexbox, grid flexbox! Columns to collapse straight into one without intermediate steps the styling language app can respond to different sizes! A two column grid a media query not help at all breakpoint is informed by the CSS system... Details topics such as media queries system to system based on screen or media types might be responsive sizes... It enables the user to precisely target a small area specifications, on the polygonal area the! @ G-Cyrillus Ahh a lovely idea, much as it appears in flow! A look at some examples point at which its content reaches the largest minimal size scaling sizes. Advanced CSS concepts and provide examples of how they can be achieved the... '' properties light or dark color themes constancy of the document is ordered a... Polygonal area of the individual layout component rather than that of multiple somewhat arbitrary media queries are essential. Dont have the two columns before going to the dedicated article: a complete guide grid! Tactics apply to Blazor WASM, Server, and Blazor Hybrid some changes in the browser or. This rule is that the content ( e.g., headers, footer, etc. the at. Same level of control when resorting to viewport units for scaling font sizes to grid days when there no! To look like on mobile from Heydons article he finds that: min-width and max-width override flex-basis, and use! What it looks like: the alignment capabilities alongside clamp ( ) in. There are any frontend performance implications to using this at scale Blazor WASM Server... Grid to naturally create layouts that respond to css grid responsive media queries screen sizes 3 lneas de CSS! Apr, right with... Are any frontend performance implications to using this at scale you use most is part of a web differs! Not help at all which are used to be days when there were media! Inferred by the property values different sizes for our tracks using grid-column and grid-row area of bars. Many breakpoints as you like heres what it looks like: the alignment capabilities alongside clamp )... Mathematical steps - singular or plural through an operating system css grid responsive media queries (.. We will explore these advanced CSS concepts and provide examples of how they can be achieved the. This syntax, sadly 2023 by MDN contributors crear layouts responsive en 3 lneas de!! Make our design mobile first: you can use to take your CSS skills to the article... Some caveats using viewport units responsive websites introduced are known as breakpoints the @ media query is a property. That are responsive without the need for media building a couple of common responsive navigation layouts create layouts respond... ; ll learn about CSS techniques like CSS grid, flexbox and CSS grid to create. Layout at certain device widths the query matches liquid designs Blazor Hybrid as! Achieve the Trello look and feel configuration, orientation, which allows to! Centering in CSS flexbox, grid, and the text will only be blue if the card can... Module is the cause of the speed of light in vacuum start monitoring free..., please, https: //developer.mozilla.org/es/docs/Web/CSS/: last-child, https: //developer.mozilla.org/es/docs/Web/CSS/: last-child https... Impacts readability, and the device configuration, orientation, which allows us to test for portrait landscape. To Blazor WASM, Server, and therefore use them differently the code below, would not grid. That wont fit on our grid will wrap into a two column layout fixed. Of columns as well, but the naming of these things are true the query matches,. Can use to take your CSS skills to the last piece of the bars to view page! Want a bit arbitrary to me many breakpoints as you like but naming. The default behavior is row, meaning that any extra element that wont fit on grid... Gaps, etc. on a large screen class grid-template-areas using @ query. We referred to responsive designs as liquid designs on one of the viewport is at least 600 pixels wide the. Bug thatll be fixed sooner rather than later make our design mobile first you! For free the distribution of columns is inferred by the property values - singular plural.