2017 IEEE 37th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS) (pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.02.040, Article He serves lead engagement partner on a variety of projects including enterprise risk management, internal audit, sustainability, contract compliance, cyber security and operational risk management. Seek confirmation that employees of trusted partners are trained to mitigate risk as well. Traditional VPPs mostly are controlled centrally, and the information is collated and transmitted to these central units through a communication environment including 5G technologies (Jaber et al., 2016; Khodashenas et al., 2016) (Zaho & Gerla, 2019). Symantec Labs, Symantec. By mid-2021, more than 600 ICS flaws were identified across 76 ICS vendors, up from 449 in the second half of 2020. For example, the consumer may either login in from a terminal device, which is trusted and secure or from an untrusted device. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2877919, Chen S, Zeng P, Choo KR, Dong X (2018c) Efficient ring signature and group signature schemes based on Q-ary identification protocols. 38th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (pp. DTTL (also referred to as "Deloitte Global") does not provide services to clients. Livingstons diverse portfolio of cyber projects include: Identity and Access Management (IAM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) security, Governance Risk and Compliance (GRC), and Security Event Management (SIEM) implementations. The advancement of technology has also led to research on edge computing for processing information and control. Copy a customized link that shows your highlighted text. Kaspersky Labs, Kaspersky Labs. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2019.2902528, Trend Micro. This increases risk to the target company and widens the strike zone. Figure7 and Fig. There needs to be continuous research for enhancing general cybersecurity (Venkatachary et al., 2018a). doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCloud.2017.62, Nakashima, E., Miller, G., Tate, J. With this also comes challenges associated with securing physical systems, data protection and information privacy. These standards will apply to hardware and software systems such as SCADA, networked electronic sensing, and monitoring and diagnostic systems, as well as associated internal human, network, or machine interfaces.34, The North American Electric Reliability Corporations Critical Infrastructure Protection (NERC-CIP) reliability standards have put the power sector at the forefront in establishing regulations to reduce cyber risk. Industrial Control system attacks in the energy sector have witnessed a surge in recent times (Wilhoit et al., 2013; Dasgupta et al., 2017). The recent DDoS attacks in 2016 caused significant losses (Brewster, 2016). 512-518). Proc. Alexander, G. (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-012-0977-8, Weber RH, Studer E (2016) Cybersecurity in the internet of things: legal aspects. https://doi.org/10.1109/IIKI.2016.35, Sha, K., Xi, Y., Shi, W, Schwiebert, L., Zhang, T. (2006). IEEE, Anaheim, McElroy, D., Williams, C. (2012). Our webinar discusses HA tech solutions to help with demand and decarbonization in Asia and EMEA. As the technology we use to conduct business changes, so do the methods of criminals. Section 4 and 5 provides a detailed discussion and conclusions. Early detection can limit system and financial impact, as well as restart operations more quickly. It can be noticed from the data analysed that the critical infrastructure services are frequently being targeted with malware or ransomware with a motive for financial gain or disruption. At the program level, focus on whether the suppliers processes adhere to leading security practices and keep the product or service secure once fielded or sold. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. To accomplish this, ask the supplier to provide a summary of its security features. International Journal of Critical Infrastructures 14(2):101119, Venkatachary, S.K., Prasad, J., Samikannu, R. (2018b). But the impact is perhaps highest with energy cybersecurity. (Kaspersky Labs) retrieved 05 09, 2017, from http://www.kaspersky.com/about/press/major_malware_outbreaks/duqu, Kaspersky Corp. (2015). Stuxnet attackers used 4 Windows zero-day exploits. 86-96). IEEE Xplore, 14. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems 23(2):263276. View in article, Robert M. Lee, TRISIS: Analyzing safety system targeted malware, Dragos Blog, December 14, 2017. 1992-1996). Get a closer look at the first purpose-built hydrogen-burning power plant in the United Statespowered by GE Gas Power technology. Flame: world's most complex computer virus exposed. The DuQu 2.0 Technical Details- The Mystery of DuQu 2.0 - Sophisticated Cyber Espionage Actor. Cybersecurity challenges in energy sector (virtual power plants) - can edge computing principles be applied to enhance security?. SANS. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2016.07.002, Wilhoit, K. (2013). He is based in Seattle, WA. Connect with him on LinkedIn at www.linkedin.com/in/stlivingston/. to its core, ISA99, industrial automation and control systems security, Time for action: Building a consensus for cybersecurity, The EU cybersecurity certification framework, Eaton establishes cybersecurity collaboration with UL, announces industrys first lab approved for participation in UL program for cybersecurity testing of intelligent products, CyberGRX is transforming third-party cyber risk management, The power is on: How IoT technology is driving energy innovation, Big-picture thinking on innovation in the retail power sector, Energy management: Paused by pandemic, but poised to prevail, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, Managing director, Deloitte Center for Energy Solutions. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2016.1197653, Lee, R.M., Michael, J. BBC. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/iNCoS.2012.48, Gentry, C. (2009). 5G network challenges and realisation insights. Retrieved 06 11, 2017, from http://www.bme.hu/, Sweeney L (2002) K-anonymity: a model for protecting privacy. 4245). 2014 23rd International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN) (pp. The popularity of deep learning has also contributed to understanding intrusion detection (Yin et al., 2017). 2016 IEEEE 1st International Workshop on Foundations and Applications of Self* Systems (pp. Int J Energy Econ Policy 7(5):250262 Retrieved from www.econjournals.com, Venkatachary SK, Prasad J, Samikannu R (2018a) A critical review of cyber security and cyber terrorism - threats to critical infrastructure in the energy sector. Edge provides a new opportunity to explore new security mechanism for a virtual power plant. Taking this into account, the entire network can be made unavailable with a single point of failure. How hacked cameras are helping launch the biggest attacks on the Internet has ever seen. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 59(3):11831190, Sha K, Wei W, Yang A, Shi W (2016) Security in the internet of things: opportunities and challenges. Incorporating the Edge layer in managing such as scenario is an option; however, the drawbacks could be network challenges. View in article, Nathan Heller, Estonia, the digital republic, New Yorker, December 18 and 25, 2017. According to data by Kaspersky labs, the attack vectors included DDos, Java Script, BAT, V.B. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2015.7081092, Montero, D., Serral-Gracia, R. (2016). Washington, DC: SANS. Ultimately, for these efforts to work, customers would need to understand the value of cybersecurity and be willing to pay for it. She has more than 20 years of experience in research, analysis, marketing, communications, and program management in the power and utilities, oil and gas, and renewable energy sectors. "More technology means greater numbers of ways the plant can be attacked." For the sophisticated attacker, the goal may involve simply changing . (2014). Some countries also have computer security incident response teams and computer emergency response teams for the power sector. ACM, Huang, C., Wu, Z., Lin, S. (2019). The application of edge intelligence computing requires a huge communication network and bandwidth. They may touch diverse departments, including supply and procurement, corporate information security, cloud and infrastructure, legal, IT, and OT. The complexity of cybersecurity attacks in the form of disabling, tampering, reprogramming the control systems can lead to malfunctions, unavailability of system services during critical operations, which could lead to other consequences in the form of human life. GE Gas Power advocates for good risk management and strong cybersecurity for energy and utilities around the globe. The nature of architecture in VPP has many ICS devices interconnected, and the attacks can take place on any of the devices like AMI, SCADA, control and monitoring devices. As operating technology becomes more digitally integrated, energy cybersecurity rises to a top-line issue. Once the Edge receives the authenticate of the devices by comparing the MAC and then generate a value for the IoT applications. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-021-00139-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-021-00139-7. Digital communication networks 6(2):195202. In this model, each prosumer registers the devices with a specific security profile managing the module. (2020, 07). We then examine the nature of cyber supply chain risk, delve into recent supply chain attacks and their impact on the power sector, and discuss challenges in addressing these risks. First IEEE International Conference on Fog and Edge Computing (ICFEC 2017). National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center, FY 2016 incidents by sector, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, accessed October 28, 2018, p. 1. South Pole' cyberterrorist' hack wasn't the first. See how we connect, collaborate, and drive impact across various locations. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to provide an insight into various cybersecurity threats that emanate from these advance technological applications. (Mach et al., 2017; Errabelly et al., 2017; Montero et al., 2016; Hsu et al., 2018), firewall protection (Hu et al., 2014), IDS (Roman et al., 2018; Haddadi et al., 2018), IPS, privacy preservation (Lu et al., 2017; Du, 2018; Singh et al., 2017), authentication protocols (Ali et al., 2018) etc. Though the Edge layer provides a new model for providing security solution, the Edge has a vast surface area and could, in turn, be subjected to attack. In another unsettling but growing trend, cyberattackers are increasingly targeting industrial control systems (ICS), sometimes potentially laying the groundwork to do physical damage to the grid. To help gain real-time visibility into a companys cyber risk profile, analysts can collect relevant data, pull it into an analytical model, and build a customized real-time dashboard to track cyber risk in real time. It's recent focus on cybersecurity is awakening the rest of the renewable energy industry to the threat. One of the most common attack vectors in the power sector is phishing, or attacks launched via email asking users to click on a link that then injects malware into their systems, or via email asking for personal data to enable unauthorized network access. Script, Python, Word on the platforms (Kaspersky Labs, 2020). Munich: the Langer group. Attacks may be simple or multi-phase attempts to maximize profit. The edge layer, which is the trusted domain, will manage the secure access to the virtual power plant operator or the virtual power transmission system operator. View in article, Stockton, Securing critical supply chains. View in article, The European Commission, The EU cybersecurity certification framework, August 22, 2018. Figure6 describes an edge-based firewall design. Budapest: Laboratory of Cryptography and System Security (CrySyS Lab). Experts fear another try, New York Times, March 15, 2018. The role of internal audit is important in reducing cyber risk. IEEE Access 4:17431766. Virtual machines have found widespread use in many areas, and it is being researched in the application of the Edge layer. (Fan et al., 2012; Gope et al., 2018). However, as the Edge is still in its infancy stage, security is still a long way to go (Sha et al., 2016). Correspondence to Participate in local, national, and global cybersecurity drills, such as the North American Electric Reliability Corporations (NERCs) GridEx or the EIS Councils transnational EarthEx exercise.32 Finally, keep abreast of innovative technologies and processes being developed to manage cyber risk. This multi-phase energy cybersecurity attack involved data theft, service interruption and financial loss. (2017, 06, 12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2019.07.046, Article An increasingly common practice is to require a software bill of materials, or composition analysis, which tracks the software components in a system across the supply chain to reveal any potential issues. 256-262). 1) shows a brief overview of a Virtual Power Plant. Every link in the supply chain must be secured, as components from different vendors carry potential flaws that open systems to attacks. The US government labels energy as one of 16 critical infrastructure sectors considered so vital that their incapacitation or destruction would have a debilitating effect on security, national economic security, (and) national public health or safety.2 In particular, the power sector is seen as uniquely critical for the enabling function it provides across all critical infrastructure sectors.3 If the power went out across a large region for an extended period, highly dependent systemssuch as financial, communications, transportation, water, and sewer networkswould be severely impacted, leaving the population immobile, incommunicado, and in the dark. Flow guard: building robust firewalls for software-defined networks. New York, ISA: ACM, Mills, E. (2009). Understand risks that can walk past controls, such as supply chain firmware updates. Retrieved from https://www.hornetsecurity.com/data/downloads/reports/document-cybersecurity-special-energy-en.pdf, Kumagai J (2012) Virtual power plants, real power, 5 kw here and 100 kw there it all adds up, Kushner D (2013) The real story of Stuxnet. View in article, Australia Cyber Security Centre, 2016 threat report, accessed October 2018, p. 15. Learn how generator health monitoring (GHM) helps deliver continuous, accurate operational data in an easy-to-use format that enables plant operators like you to make smarter maintenance decisions. Therefore, it is possible to offload a few resource-hungry tasks to the new edge layer, thereby reducing the impact on resource-constrained resources. Researchers have made efforts to study and design appropriate security solutions for Edge. Researchers have also proposed adopting machine learning algorithms to advance researches in intrusion detection techniques. 683686). The challenge of securing virtual power plants systems has generated great interests among researchers. Havex Hunts For ICS/SCADA Systems. Environmental Claims J 28(4):286303. Steve Livingston, a principal with Deloitte & Touche LLP, has more than 24 years of information security and risk management experience. The figure below is NTI's ranking of each country with respect to their cyber security using a Nuclear Security Index between 1 and 4, with 4 being the highest security. View in article, Jeff St. John, U.S. Secondly, signature-based algorithms can only be employed in the traditional authentication mechanism, making it difficult to apply in virtual power plant areas. The authors would like to thank the utility executives, association executives, and other industry experts who shared their perspectives with us for this article. The incoming and the outgoing traffic out of the individual prosumers/consumers are examined and later allowed or disallowed. Virtual Power Plant, As its name infers, a virtual power plant does not exist in the solid and-turbine sense. Beyond government intelligence sources, private cybersecurity consulting firms, often staffed by former intelligence analysts, can provide real-time cyberthreat and vulnerability monitoring to power companies. Figure5 shows Device-Centric Edge security for Virtual Power Plant based on EdgeSec Model. (TheRegister) retrieved 06 12, 2017, from http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/08/29/saudi_aramco_malware_attack_analysis, Li, P., Liu, Y., Xin, H., Jiang, X. Cyber security and privacy issues in smart grids. Futur Gener Comput Syst 83:629637. IEEE 4th International Conference on Cyber Security and Cloud Computing (pp. Today, most power companies have little control over what suppliers are doing; theyre just beginning to make suppliers more aware and accountable, and to demand supplier integrity. present a survey on using data mining and machine learning techniques as methods for intrusion detection. There has been a little contribution towards researching the cost impacts in the Edge environment. Primary Areas of Expertise (But not limited to) IT support, cyber security, services, systems and applications, network architecture and design, IT compliance/auditing, operating systems, electric . Digital assets critical to plant systems for performing safety and security functions are isolated from the external networks, including the Internet. View in article, United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team, Alert (TA18-074A): Russian government cyber activity targeting energy and other critical infrastructure sectors. View in article, Naureen S. Malik and Ryan Collins, The cyberattack that crippled gas pipelines is now hitting another industry, Bloomberg, April 5, 2018. The rise of A.I. Homeland Security, McSherry, F., Talwar, K. (2007). The firewall policies are converted into flow policies. According to security researchers, the energy sector is the most frequently targeted sector by cybercriminals. Cybersecurity for power plants requires 24/7 oversight. Symantec. Collaborate with peers and government agencies to exchange intelligence on threats and vulnerabilities. View in article, Tim Schmidt, Three critical procurement best practices for electric utilities: Are you doing these?, Procureware.com, July 1, 2016. government accused Russia of hacking into energy infrastructure, Greentechmedia, March 19, 2018. View in article, Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability, Multiyear plan for energy sector cybersecurity, U.S. Department of Energy, March 2018. IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, 14(4, fourth quarter), Lu R, Heung K, Lashkari A, Ghorbani AA (2017) A lightweight privacy-preserving data aggregation scheme for fog computing-enhanced IoT. Terms and Conditions, Exceptional organizations are led by a purpose. 3rd Workshop on hot topics in software-defined networking. Enforcing privacy using symmetric key-set in vehicular networks. IEEE Computer and Security, 99(4), 33-39. Haddadi et al., in their research paper on SIOTOME, illustrate Edge-based architecture for IoT security. IEEE. 1-7). IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 15(12):64926499. (2012). To further manage both supply chain and enterprise cyber risk, consider going beyond individual enterprise efforts. 2016 International conference on wireless communication and Mobile computing. Retrieved from www.forbes.com: https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2020/03/11/warning-you-must-not-download-this-dangerous-coronavirus-map/#4049aef83253, Du M (2018) Big data privacy-preserving in multi-access edge computing for heterogeneous internet of things. The CyberSecurity for Electric Power Sector When malicious attackers gain access to an industrial control system they are able to sabotage control and safety processes, leading to costly outages, damaged turbines, threats to personnel safety and even environmental disasters. Further, the system can be modified to suit the need-base security model. The range of data shared between transmission and distribution, system, grid operators, consumers, prosumers, aggregators are enormous. (2015). (T. Micro, producer) retrieved 08 04, 2019, from trend Micro: https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/hk-en/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/new-version-of-disk-wiping-shamoon-disttrack-spotted-what-you-need-to-know, Tsai H (2012) Treat as a service: Virtualisations impact on cloud security. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2014.07.064, Boldizsar B, Gabor, P., Levente, B., Mark, F. (2012) The cousins of Stuxnet: Duqu, flame, and gauss. IEEE Communication Magazine 56(8):6267. Edge computing refers to simple process operations carried out close to the origins of data. Join our webinar to explore the current and future challenges of our energy infrastructure and learn about the latest energy supply and delivery technologies. Even a brief attack can have real-world impacts on OT systems and plant assets. (Buczak & Guven, 2016). As grids become increasingly smart, with information and communications technologies and devices embedded throughout, networks are being linked, the system is gaining complexity, and the number of access points is rising. Aramco Says Cyberattack Was Aimed at Production. 94-103). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2556011, Kaspersky Corp. (2011). Internet security threat report. to enhance the processing speeds. Ltd. for their research support; and Sharon Chand,Michael Prokop, Brad Singletary, Nick Sikorski, and Steve Batson of Deloitte US; Adam Crawford of Deloitte Canada; and Charlie Hosner and Dave Clemente of Deloitte UK for sharing their cybersecurity expertise. IEEE, Falliere, N., Liam O.M., Chien, E. (2011). The motivation of the attackers has changed over time. The authors further define Firewall Authorisation Space to allow or deny packets based on the firewall rules, thereby enabling conversion into smaller denied and allowed spaces. We would also like to thank Jaya Nagdeo and Deepak Vasantlal Shah of Deloitte Support Services India Pvt. The power sector is one of the most frequently targeted and first to respond to cyber threats with mandatory controls. With topics ranging from transportation and buildings to agriculture and education, there are conversations in this next season that you don't want to miss! Kaspersky ICS-CERT. (2016). The authors declare that they have no competing interests. (the wall street journal) retrieved 06 12, 2017, from http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB124165272826193727, Guilherme, V., Peter, S. (2011). IEEE/ACM Trans Networking 5(1):27952808, Dasgupta D, Roy A, Nag A (2017) Multi-factor authentication. The threat is now becoming even more insidious, with reports of hackers tied to nation-states and organized crime trying to burrow their way into utility ICS, seeking to learn how systems operate, and positioning themselves to control critical physical assets, such as power plants, substations, transmission, and distribution networks, and to potentially disrupt or destroy them. These deployments pose a different set of problems in the form of efficiency in integration, energy supply security, continuity. Section 3 discusses at length the proposed Edge-based solutions towards enhancing security in virtual power plants. (Yaseen et al., 2016). 15-27). Retrieved 06 15, 2017, from http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~savage/papers/IEEESP03.pdf, Mukherjee, B., Neupane, R., Calyam, P. (2017). Prague, Chech Republic: IEEE, Razeghi, B., Voloshynovski, S. (2018). For example, Siemens has joined hands with the Munich Security Conference and other governmental and business partners (including global power companies AES Corporation and Enel SpA) to launch the Charter of Trust initiative.36 The initiative calls for binding rules and standards to ensure cybersecurity and advance digitalization. Facing the energy trilemma? IEEE Wireless Communication Letters 6(6):774777. Any vulnerability in a single system is a gateway for hackers to get into the network. Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran. & Andrews, L.J.B. A study of 20 electric and gas utilities in North America revealed that the utilities had on average 3,647 total active suppliers, 39 strategic relationships, and 140 suppliers that accounted for 80 percent of their total external spend.29 Companies may be unable to get access to some suppliers, and some suppliers may be unable or unwilling to adopt secure practices. The ease of adaptability to the changing scenarios could make a huge difference. Protecting the power generating infrastructure from this. Real-time network policy checking using header space analysis. By mid-2021, more than 600 ICS flaws were identified across 76 ICS vendors, up from 449 in the second half of 2020. Therefore, constant monitoring of the ICS and almost instant detection of issues are essential. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 4343-4352, Liu, J., Xiao, Y., Li, S., Liang, W., Chen, C.L.P. The user is verified using RVA techniques to ensure trust between the prosumer. Professional 14(1):3237. This threat profile typically changes over time and from country to country. Though there are several Edge-based privacy protection techniques, the Edge protocols applied may, in turn, start to track the data and may have vested interests. Innovation is at the forefront of power companies and their suppliers quest to reduce cyber supply chain risk. Detailed Threat Analysis of Shamoon 2.0 Malware. SANS institute, SANS institute InfoSec Reading room. Its also one of the most frequently attacked, with consequences that could potentially reach far beyond the power sector.1. Figure 1 illustrates the variety of adversaries that may threaten electric grids, and the perceived severity of the threat and impact in the United States. Security in device controllers is often overlooked as it is mostly isolated and tied to the infrastructure. Assuming the energy generated is not consumed by the consumer in the resource, it could also technically lead to over-voltage problems, losses, transformer ageing and efficiency. Most prosumers in a virtual power plant are small-time operators and cannot support huge firewalls or necessary infrastructure to support them. Int J Crit Infrastruct Prot 25:3649. The system then runs the intrusion detection algorithms. (Montero et al., 2016; Mach et al., 2017; Errabelly et al., 2017; Tao et al., 2017; Hsu et al., 2018). doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCS.2017.189, Singh, A., Auluck, N., Rana, O.F., Jones, A.C., Nepal, S. (2017). This SDN based firewall has three functional components, violation detection, flow tracking and authorisation. There is a collaborative compilation of the traffic, and the results are then enforced on to the network controller. Retrieved 06 15, 2017, from https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/ICS/impact-dragonfly-malware-industrial-control-systems-36672, NewYork Times. Paul is a senior partner based in Deloittes Calgary office with over 19 years experience working in the E&R industry, including oil and gas, pipelines, mining and the power and utilities sectors. Attractiveness of the I&C system to potential adversaries. Gentry, in his thesis, for solving a cryptographic problem, present fully homomorphic encryption. View in article, Blake Sobczak, Attack on natural gas network shows rising cyberthreat, E&E News, April 6, 2018. Therefore the architecture cannot function efficiently, just as in IoT (Chen et al., 2016) due to its real-time application of distributing power on the grids. https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxx112, Chen X, Jiao L, Li W, Fu X (2016) Efficient multi-user computation offloading for mobile-edge cloud computing. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The future energy networks will relate to advance distribution and management systems, including using data relating to grid monitoring, control, sensors, load balancing requirements, environmental parameters etc. and machine learning algorithms in the security layer could significantly change the dynamics of security due to learning from multiple sources. Edge Based Intrusion Detection System (EIDS). 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