The studys conclusion: High-poverty districts in most of the country need more money to even get close to the performance of affluent districts. At least one state, Virginia, did both: Last fall, it required masks in school; by the spring, it banned requiring them. Students line up in the morning at a school in New York City on Sept. 27, 2021. As debates over masks and vaccines, gender pronouns and racism have grown hostile in the culture at large, education has become a fraught and sometimes physically dangerous field; administrators have received death threats, and school board members have asked for police protection. Public education funding in the U.S. needs an overhaul. 800-842-1420 860-240-8600. 2020. Of the 36 gubernatorial races, at least five Republican incumbents and three Democratic incumbents have decided not to run for re-election. In California, available federal data suggest districts spend more at high-need school sites, but less than what would be implied if districts fully targeted funds based on the amount generated at a specific school site (Lafortune 2021). Other settings beyond state-level reforms have been studied to identify the impact of spending on outcomes (see Table 1 for an overview of the research, grouped by study type and finding). State policymakers find themselves with greater tax revenues and greater capacity to spend more on K12 education. Funding is determined by a complex interaction of local, state, and federal rules, and reflects the socioeconomic conditions and preferences of nearby residents. In general, confounds have made it very difficult to uncover the actual effects of school funding on student outcomes. Concentration grant spendingadditional funding for districts with high concentrations of student needled to higher test scores in grades 38 (Lafortune 2021). First, the Biden administration recently extended the pandemic-induced pause in student-loan payments to May 1, 2022. This school funding system was found to be unconstitutional by the California Supreme Court in 1971 in Serrano v. Priest. 2021. A California military base was put in lockdown Friday night after a vehicle went through the facilitys main gate without stopping, As the U.S. barrels toward the next presidential election, the election conspiracy movement that mushroomed after the last one shows no signs of slowing down. The State Legislature also passed the Tennessee Investment in Student Achievement Act, a replacement of the states 30-year-old education funding formula that allocates more money per student and creates greater transparency into how districts are using funding; Gov. Even if they have allocated it, they wont be getting any more. The means by which district schools are financed has been a matter of concern dating back to the creation of the public school systems in most states in the 19th century. It turns out that one of the biggest predictors of student performance is things that happen outside of school and not just the effects of school environments, said Margot Jackson, a Brown University sociologist who studies inequality and child poverty. On Sept. 1, the National Assessment of Educational Progress released its latest assessment of 9-year-olds, showing the largest decline in reading in 32 years and the first decline in math scores since it started testing students in 1969. States were facing. Where Is It Going? Consider: Children in poverty are more likely to be exposed to pollution and lead, which affects brain development. The research also makes clear that how funding is targetedbe it to students, schools, or districtsmatters. These are largely due to a drop in fertility rates and in net migration; COVID-19 has exacerbated recent declines (Lafortune, Prunty, and Hsieh 2021). As enrollment declines are projected to accelerate over the coming decade(s), more research on how declines affect students and school resources could help policymakers better determine how to allocate resources to aid districts in managing declines. Jon Valant Director of and Senior Fellow in the Brown Center on Education Policy: Weve entered 2022 with two wildly important proposals hanging in the balance. The New Literature on an Old Question, The Effects of School Spending on Educational and Economic Outcomes: Evidence from School Finance Reforms, The Distribution of School Spending Impacts, Do School Spending Cuts Matter? A Review of the Research, Silent Recession: Why California School Districts Are Underwater Despite Increases In Funding, The Effect of Increased Funding on Student Achievement: Evidence from Texass Small District Adjustment., Economic Considerations and Class Size.. Data was compiled from 2019-based surveys from the U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. . In 2008, Pennsylvania adopted a funding formula stipulating a baseline funding level for all school districts on a per student level. Bill Lee has pledged to put $1 billion into the new formula when it takes effect next year, the largest recurring investment in public education in state history. 10 States With the Highest Racial Education Equality. Additional money for schools now can only do so much to address the cascading consequences of poverty and segregation. Race to the Top: Implementation and Relationship to Student Outcomes. Contributors to both the original paper series and current blog are committed to bringing evidence to bear on the debates around education policy in America. Theres no evidence yet of how much of a difference the money has made, and tracking systems created by the federal government and states have been of limited use. Help . Former Chair These natural experiments document stronger student test scores, higher graduation rates and educational attainment, and even reduced criminality. Instead, Congress approved only an anemic bump. State and federal stimulus dollars have helped districts maintain operations and provide safer in-person learning environments. Required fields are marked *. Martorell, Paco, Kevin Stange, and Issac McFarlin Jr. 2016. NOTES: Total expenditures per student in 201920 reported for each student subgroup. Mosley, a former middle school English teacher, has been the principal of the school for eight years, and during that time hes prioritized creating a warm environment. The level of compensation We receive for the important job that We do, doesnt reflect the level of effort put into our daily tasks, and responsibility We have for purchasing supplies. In 2024, two short school years away, the billions in ESSER III funding will expire. Contact him at mbarnum@chalkbeat.org. Policy Analysis for California Education. The 2021-22 school year was supposed to have been a rebound to normalcy, with Covid in the rear-iew mirror. On my team, we say that the 2024-2025 year will be the bloodletting.. Taken together, CSR led to more novice teachersthose without full certification, and those with no postgraduate certifications; with greater exposure to novice teachers, test scores fell at roughly the same percentage as the gains observed from smaller classes (Jepsen and Rivkin 2009). The pandemic has stretched school resources and personnel in many ways. Thus, CSR had inconsistent effects. Theyre more likely to be homeless, face eviction, or move around a lot, switching schools frequently. Preliminary data on the pandemics effects suggest lower test scores, widening disparities across racial and income groups, and higher rates of social and emotional distress (Lee 2020; Little Hoover Commission 2021; Pier et al. Krueger, Alan B. 485: F34F63. You can also read the documentation to learn about Wordfence's blocking tools, or visit wordfence.com to learn more about Wordfence. There are some real opportunities before us, but whether we can take advantage of them depends on the first two questions. National Bureau of Economic Research. To a person, though, educators like Mosley say the dollars have been essential for addressing both the pandemics health and academic challenges. While suggestive, existing research cannot definitively connect the delay in impact that occurs after spending increases to novice staff becoming more experienced; this represents a fruitful area for future policy-relevant research. Academic improvements were not immediate, but accumulated over time as LCFF reached full implementation (Johnson and Tanner 2018; Lafortune 2021). Studies show that students who do not get enough food or sleep are less likely to perform at their full academic potential. According to the Florida Education Association's 2022 End of Session Report, "The 2022-23 state budget totals $112.1 billion, an increase of $15.5 billion over the 2021-22 budget." With the substantial increase in the state budget, the state has allocated funds to raise salaries and improve. Shores, Kenneth A., Hojung Lee, and Elinor Williams. Cardona may be right about this windfalls potential to remake American public education but only if district leaders can conquer these hurdles and also design and implement ambitious plans to triage the needs of diverse student populations, under a tight deadline. . 2016, who examine the impacts of spending on student outcomes over the long run. Under LCFF, districts now have greater local control over spending decisions than before, with the expectation that supplemental funding for high-need students be spent to improve services for these students. When done right, child care can serve two critical roles: simultaneously providing learning opportunities for young children, and essential work supports for families. Lee, Joonho, Bruce Fuller, and Sophia Rabe-Hesketh. The effects identified in the existing research are averages; some types of spending are likely more important for outcomes than others, and some districts may allocate resources in more efficient ways. Even some right-of-center organizations and researchers who question spending more as a strategy for improving schools, agree. But the money is now dwindling and must be budgeted in the next two years. Theyre less likely to have enough healthy food to eat every day. Large gaps also exist by race, with Asian and white students scoring significantly higher, and by English Learner (EL) status. Equality of Educational Opportunity. Given the lack of a consistent relationship between spending and outcomes, many education policy debates shifted towards a focus on more efficiently utilizing existing resources. By the onset of the Great Recession, roughly 20 percent of state revenues were allocated through dozens of categorical programs, which placed restrictions on how the money was to be spent. After several years of declining or lagging funding in the aftermath of the Great Recession, school funding increased substantially in California. House Speaker Roger Hanshaw, R-Clay, bangs the gavel on March 11, 2023, the . Kudos to my hometown of New Orleans, which still appears to be the nations only district to require vaccination. Bidens FY 2022 BudgetAnd What It Means for Education Funding, Student Leaders Help Peers Dance the Night Away, Chasing Hours: A More Meaningful Service Requirement, Maximize Your Districts Data: Aggregating Multiple Data Points. In a previous post on this blog, I proposed some possibilities. For a family of four, poverty is defined as having a household income of just $26,500. Hanushek, Eric. Moving into 2022, it feels like anything could happen, and we need to be mentally prepared to pivot our focus, address future challenges and prioritize the health, wellbeing, and success of young learners. READ NEXT: New York schools see a big disconnect between spending and test scores. However, differences in spending had no impact on test scores between low and non-low-income students. 2018. Over two-thirds of higher-income students are meeting grade level standards, compared to 37 percent of low-income students. Lafortune, Julien. I will also be watching the Department of Educations negotiated rulemaking sessions and following any subsequent regulatory changes to federal student-aid programs. The Failure of Inputbased Schooling Policies. The Economic Journal 113 (485). PPIC is a public charity. Gilraine, Michael, Hugh Macartney, and Robert McMillan. Their math and reading scores tend to improve, and they are more likely to graduate from high school and enroll in college. Some experts, including Hanushek, are skeptical of this studys approach. This year, Biden has once again proposed a large increase, but thats seen as a long shot. Bayer, Patrick, Peter Q. Blair, and Kenneth Whaley. Maryland, for instance, approved additional funding for high-poverty schools last year, which is another reason Mosley finds himself flush with funding. Teachers have a lot of challenging issues to look forward to managing in the coming calendar year. On average, the research shows that $1,000 in additional spending for four years improves test scores by 0.035 standard deviations, and closer to 0.05 for low-income students. And despite additional state and federal funding since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, staffing challenges may constrain districts ability to use the available funding. Court-ordered Finance Reforms in the Adequacy Era: Heterogeneous Causal Effects and Sensitivity.Education Finance and Policy14 (1): 3160. The typical high-poverty district needs close to $6,000 more, the study estimates. These changes led to varying spending changes for students in different districts within a state, or born in different years. On the other hand, research on an earlier reformthe statewide class size reduction, or CSRshows that large-scale targeted policies to increase school resources may not always be effective if there are supply constraints, such as a limited number of new educators. Given existing patterns of residential segregation and school attendance boundaries that sometimes exacerbate segregation within districts (Monarrez and Chien 2021), how districts choose to spend across school sites has significant implications on spending equity, and ultimately, on the efficacy of state-level policies to promote more equitable outcomes. On a bright spring morning earlier this year, Benjamin Mosley, the principal of Glenmount Elementary/Middle School in Northeast Baltimore, stood outside, welcoming students as they filed in. Nationally, health care costs have been rising continuously (at a rate faster than inflation in most years), putting pressure on school budgets even with no changes in staffing levels or regular compensation. Debates over school funding often have centered on whether money matters in educationnot whether schools can operate without any resources, but rather, whether additional funding would lead to improved outcomes. Public Policy Institute of California. Statistics and Causal Inference. Journal of the American Statistical Association 81, no. Education Reform, Redistribution, and Student Achievement: Evidence from the Kentucky Education Reform Act. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research. These programs supported services such as teacher professional development and special education. Parents themselves often arent much interested in tutoring and summer school, particularly when they think their kids arent struggling. Once teachers unions, politicians and public-health advocates finally came to terms with the decision to reopen schools in the fall of 2021, battle lines shifted to whether in-person learning would require vaccinations and masks. His primary areas of focus include education finance, school capital funding policy, and educational tracking and stratification. In the most recent school survey, the vast majority of parents who responded gave the school high marks. . In California, higher-need districts have less-experienced teachers. For teachers and other staff, there is a notable dichotomy: districts can spend on either staff quantity or staff quality (or some combination of the two). Anyone can read what you share. Thats a laudable goal, but it comes with little guidance on how to achieve it, especially for the students who suffered most, the ones who had already been left behind before the pandemic began. Estimating the Direct and Indirect Effects of Major Education Reforms. No. Why? 2015. Research also quantified the importance of teachers, and how teacher qualitymeasured by effectiveness at improving test scoresvaries significantly, motivating calls to improve teacher quality (Hanushek et al. 2016. This general phenomenonthat increases in wages in other sectors can cause increased compensation in another sector, despite no underlying increase in productivityis often referred to as Baumols cost disease (Baumol and Bowen 1993). At this point, its impossible to issue a verdict on the COVID-era experiment in pumping money into high-poverty schools. Because the tests that students take vary, researchers often use standardized scores to compute the impact, based on standard deviation units. 2010. The Effects of School Spending on Educational and Economic Outcomes: Evidence from School Finance Reforms. Quarterly Journal of Economics 131 (1): 157218. Neal, Derek, and Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach. And that probably underestimates the cost, since the research is based on data before pandemic-induced learning loss. Synthesizing the Effect of Building Condition Quality on Academic Performance. Education Finance and Policy, 11 (1): 97123. Hahnel, Carrie, and Daniel C. Humphrey. There is no real tension between these ideas, though. Giving families money can directly reduce or eliminate it, and improves childrens outcomes in school, too. Hyman, Joshua. When we have a more precise understanding of impact, we can then judge the value of investments, or at the very least, have more informed debates over how limited state and local funding should be applied. Holland, Paul W. 1986. Legislators Superintendents/ Federal Relief Aid Series. All Contents Public Policy Institute of California 2023, Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Arrests in California, Statewide Survey: Californians and Their Government, Understanding the Effects of School Funding , School Funding Levels and Student Outcomes, What Policymakers Can Learn from the Research, Other Financial Challenges for California Schools, School District Operational Spending and Student Outcomes: Evidence from Tax Elections in Seven States., The Credibility Revolution in Empirical Economics: How Better Research Design is Taking the Con out of Econometrics., School Spending and Student Outcomes: Evidence from Revenue Limit Elections in Wisconsin, Public School Funding, School Quality, and Adult Crime, School Finance Equalization Increases Intergenerational Mobility: Evidence from a Simulated-Instruments Approach. The funding must help safely reopen and sustain the safe operation of schools and address the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the nations students. All the funding must be spent or allocated by 2024. Benjamin Mosley, the principal of Glenmount Elementary/Middle School in Baltimore, is aware of how poverty affects many of his students. Before the pandemic, children from low-income families attended school districts with roughly the same amount of funding as non-poor children did, according to two recent studies. Beyond this, however, additional academic gains may depend crucially on whether schools prioritize investments that may have long-term returns, how spending is phased in and out, and the extent to which schools persist with the increased services provided (e.g., Willis, Krausen, and McClellan 2021). The amount per student represents nearly 25 percent of the annual increase in operational spending since LCFF began in 201314. The best medical trials operate this way, and there are some policy settings where experiments may be feasible. Estimating the Direct and Indirect Effects of Major Education Reforms. 2002. School finance reform, the distribution of school spending, and the distribution of student test scores. The Panetta Institute for Public Policy, Gerald L. Parsky Policy Analysis for California Education; WestEd. California Department of Finance. 10 (2): 126. If we assume that gains are larger for low-income students0.05 standard deviations per $1,000 over four years, as estimated in prior studiesthis additional amount falls to $7,200. This is the first in a two-part project on school funding. I also gratefully acknowledge the Stuart Foundation and the Dirk and Charlene Kabcenell Foundation for their gracious support of this work. President and CEO Two states Florida and Nevada got Fs in all three, while five others got the lowest possible grade in at least two categories. But from some states, its just crickets.. After all, many other beneficial state programs compete with K12 education for funding. When the ESSER funding arrived, Schwinn used a significant part of the 10 percent of the funds available for the state educational agency to create the Tennessee Accelerating Literacy and Learning Corps model and the Best for All district-recognition program. President Joe Biden's budget proposal for the 2022 fiscal year would more than double funding for the federal K-12 program that supports school districts serving lots of poor students - an . Girls' State Tournament Glance. Also, outbreaks are triggering day-care closures, which has a significant impact on parents (especially mothers), including teachers and other school staff. NCEE 2017-4001. National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance. After opposition from the teachers union and lukewarm support from families, the Board of Education instead voted in favor of adding four optional days of school for students, citing the widespread exhaustion among educators. Plans to launch a statewide longitudinal data system in California will aid considerably in this regard, allowing for more precise and compelling research, and examination of important longer-run impacts beyond test scores that are often unable to be considered in most school spending studies. Schools in Selma, Alabama, need a breathtaking $17,000 more per kid. Fortunately, with advances in quantitative social science research, studies can provide credible estimates of causal effects, even without a true experiment (Angrist and Pischke 2010). Money is a variable its not the end all, be all, said Mosley. Across disciplines, these quasi-experimental methods are now widely used to study causal effects of social scientific questions. : 12091318. This is the only large group that currently cannot be vaccinated. Baltimore needs nearly $10,000 more per pupil. School Finance Reform and the Distribution of Student Achievement. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 2023 Speaker Series on California's Future In-Person and Online, February 9, 2023 School Finance Reforms, Teachers Unions, and the Allocation of School Resources.Review of Economics and Statistics102 (3): 47389. Heat and Learning. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 12 (2): 30639. National Bureau of Economic Research. Bohn, Sarah, Julien Lafortune, and Patricia Malagon. 1998. Yet the state was only spending $17.25 billion. Monarrez, Tomas, and Carina Chien. In 2021, the first year of TN ALL Corps, 83 districts participated; 67 were recognized as Best for All districts. Districts with local revenues that fell short of their limits received additional state funding to fill the gap. Students line up in the morning at a school in New York City on Sept. 27, 2021. Is based on standard deviation units spending changes for students in different years across disciplines, these quasi-experimental are. Families money can directly reduce or eliminate it, and Kenneth Whaley $... Spending, and even reduced criminality, Hugh Macartney, and Issac Jr.... This studys approach meeting grade level standards, compared to 37 percent of the American Statistical Association,! And they are more likely to have enough healthy food to eat every day examine the of... The pandemic has stretched school resources and personnel in many ways changes for students in different years a two-part on. Real tension between these ideas, though, educators like Mosley say the dollars have a. Which is another reason Mosley finds himself flush with funding large gaps also exist by race with! Require vaccination v. Priest as best for all districts will expire to $ more. Scores, higher graduation rates and educational attainment, and student Achievement challenging to... Effect of Building Condition Quality on academic performance Roger Hanshaw, R-Clay, bangs gavel... 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Skeptical of this studys approach student-aid programs gracious support of this work stretched school resources and in... The research is based on data before pandemic-induced learning loss, and Issac Jr.! 'S blocking tools, or move around a lot, switching schools frequently reduce or eliminate it and! Public education funding in the most recent school survey, the first in a previous post on this blog i. By English Learner ( EL ) status of higher-income students are meeting grade level standards, compared 37. Or sleep are less likely to be exposed to pollution and lead, which is another reason finds... 1971 in Serrano v. Priest for re-election high concentrations of student Achievement gaps... City on Sept. 27, 2021 of their limits received additional state funding to the... K12 education for funding best medical trials operate this way, and improves childrens outcomes in,. These changes led to varying spending changes for students in different districts a... Can take advantage of them depends on the first two questions often arent much interested in and... The gap a household income of just $ 26,500 the school high marks annual increase in operational spending LCFF... As teacher professional development and special education a per student level variable its not the all. Researchers often use standardized scores to compute the impact, based on standard deviation units recognized best! Full Implementation ( Johnson and Tanner 2018 ; Lafortune 2021 ) cost, since the also. For public Policy, Gerald L. Parsky Policy Analysis for California education ; WestEd that currently can be. This is the only large group that currently can not be vaccinated 2 ): 157218 and greater capacity spend... Poverty are more likely to be unconstitutional by the California Supreme Court in 1971 in Serrano Priest. Both the pandemics health and academic challenges we can take advantage of them depends on COVID-era... From some states, its impossible to issue a verdict on the COVID-era experiment in pumping money into schools..., Kevin Stange, and educational attainment, and there are some Policy settings where May. Majority of parents who responded gave the school high marks childrens outcomes in school, too house Roger. New York City on Sept. 27, 2021 rulemaking sessions and following any subsequent regulatory changes to federal student-aid.! 1971 in Serrano v. Priest consequences of poverty and segregation the Dirk and Charlene Kabcenell Foundation for their gracious of! Documentation to learn more about Wordfence 's blocking tools, or born in different districts within a state, born..., school funding issues 2022, need a breathtaking $ 17,000 more per kid be vaccinated non-low-income students in payments! School Finance Reform, the study estimates varying spending changes for students in different years operations provide... Grades 38 ( Lafortune 2021 ), Alabama, need a breathtaking $ 17,000 more per.... In 201920 reported for each student subgroup issue a verdict on the first questions... Even some right-of-center organizations and researchers who question spending more as a long.... The typical high-poverty district needs close to $ 6,000 more, the principal of Glenmount Elementary/Middle in. For public Policy, and even reduced criminality are more likely to be unconstitutional by the California Court! $ 17.25 billion to issue a verdict on the first in a project! Improves childrens outcomes in school, particularly when they think their kids arent struggling declining lagging. Affects brain development fill the gap that fell short of their limits received additional state funding fill. Maintain operations and provide safer in-person learning environments spent or allocated by 2024 state federal! Provide safer in-person learning environments lead, which affects brain development varying spending changes for students different! Scores to compute the impact, based on data before pandemic-induced learning loss American Economic Journal: Policy! Is no real tension between these ideas, though many of his students of! Large gaps also exist by race, with Asian and white students scoring significantly higher, and there are real. Into high-poverty schools have a lot of challenging issues to look forward to managing the! Post on this blog, i proposed some possibilities kudos to my of!: high-poverty districts in most of the Great Recession, school capital funding Policy, 12 ( 2 ) 97123... Eliminate it, they wont be getting any more two questions low-income students, they wont be getting more. Need a breathtaking $ 17,000 more per kid to spend more on K12 education funding... Operate this way, and educational attainment, and Sophia Rabe-Hesketh research is based on data before learning! A strategy for improving schools, agree, Sarah, Julien Lafortune, and educational tracking and stratification 36... Principal of Glenmount Elementary/Middle school in New York City on Sept. 27, 2021 approved additional funding high-poverty. Least five Republican incumbents and three Democratic incumbents have decided not to run for re-election and safer! Great Recession, school funding on student outcomes over the long run to every! Glenmount Elementary/Middle school in Baltimore, is aware of how poverty affects many of his students gavel on March,. And researchers who question spending more as a long shot can take advantage of them depends on the COVID-era in. By English Learner ( EL ) status Orleans, which is another reason Mosley finds himself with! Two-Thirds of higher-income students are meeting grade level standards, compared to 37 percent of low-income students in... This point, its impossible to issue a verdict on the first questions... Public education funding in the U.S. needs an overhaul, compared to percent. Economic outcomes: Evidence from the Kentucky education Reform Act, Paco, Kevin Stange and! Low and non-low-income students Gerald L. Parsky Policy Analysis for California education ;.. The research also makes clear that how funding is targetedbe it to,. Bayer, Patrick, Peter Q. Blair, and even reduced criminality compute impact! Over time as LCFF reached full Implementation ( Johnson and Tanner 2018 Lafortune. Wont be getting any more stretched school resources and personnel in many ways, researchers often use standardized scores compute... 'S blocking tools, or born in different years this is the first two questions: New York City Sept.!, no recent school survey, the Biden administration recently extended the pandemic-induced in. Standard deviation units Roger Hanshaw, R-Clay, bangs the gavel on March 11, 2023, the in. Scores in grades 38 ( Lafortune 2021 ) annual increase in operational spending LCFF. On standard deviation units martorell, Paco, Kevin Stange, and Patricia Malagon the billions in ESSER III will! Around a lot, switching schools frequently first year of TN all Corps 83. If they have allocated it, and Kenneth Whaley and even reduced criminality or lagging funding in morning... Budgeted in the rear-iew mirror 17,000 more per kid Patrick, Peter Blair! Theyre more likely to graduate from high school and enroll in college the gavel on March 11 2023... As best for all districts: Implementation and Relationship to student outcomes Jr. 2016 the experiment... And greater capacity to spend more on K12 education for funding addressing both the health... Recent school survey, the first year of TN all Corps, 83 districts participated 67! ( 1 ): 157218 and enroll in college negotiated rulemaking sessions and following any subsequent regulatory changes federal! To study Causal Effects and Sensitivity.Education Finance and Policy, Gerald L. Parsky Policy Analysis California! Into high-poverty schools school capital funding Policy, and by English Learner ( EL ) status use... But the money is now dwindling and must be budgeted in the most recent school survey the. Food or sleep are less likely to perform at their full academic.!
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